S1 Task A Measurements Essay Example

S1 Task A: Measurements Essay My aim is that within the limits of a small-scale survey I will collect sample data of a population, and by using estimation techniques I will determine the populations parameters (such as the mean and the variance). My population is smarties, and in this investigation I am looking at the individual weight of random smarties, which will be my sample. I decided to stick with weight, as it is a property that will vary a lot, I think, and so I hope will prove an interesting investigation. An important factor to help me decide on how large my sample should be is that the size of the sample must be quite small, because it is stated so in my aim. However, to make accurate estimates of population parameters the sample must be large enough. Therefore to help me decide on the size of my sample, I have accordingly looked at the Central Limit Theorem, which states that: * If the sample size is large enough, the distribution of the sample mean is approximately Normal. * The variance of the distribution of the sample mean is equal to the variance of the sample mean divided by the sample size. We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Central Limit Theorem allows predictions to be made about the distribution of the sample mean without any knowledge of the distribution of the parent population, as long as the sample is large enough. For this reason, the sample size will be set at fifty, which I consider large enough for the distribution of its mean to be normal (according to the Central Limit Theorem). It should not be larger because the aim of this investigation is to carry out a small scale survey. The sample. The sample will be of the weight of fifty smarties. To be a good sample I must make sure that the results are valid and not biased in any way, which means that these smarties must be collected randomly, because the sample must be random for the Central Limit Theorem to be in effect, which would provide a Normal distribution of its mean which will allow me to make predictions of the parent population. I have decided to collect my sample data in a group, in order to lower he costs of the investigation, and also to provide assistance with greater accuracy to collecting the sample. Five tubes of smarties will be bought, each from a different shop, and ten smarties will be selected at random from each tube to be used in the survey. This should produce a nice sample, which I am fairly confident will be random. Calculations. In this investigation I will need to calculate a few things in order to come to my conclusion. This is a quick plan of what I will be calculating. * The mean, standard deviation and variance of the sample. * These will be used to estimate the variance and standard deviation of the parent population of smarties. * This in turn, will be used to estimate the standard error (the standard deviation of the sample mean distribution). * And, this will be used along with the mean of the sample to create confidence intervals for the mean of the parent population of smarties. Accuracy of measurements. My group will randomly select the required smarties from the packets and one after the other, they will be weighed on an electronic balance that will be reset to zero after each measurement, which will reduce the chance of any inaccuracies that might arise from small pieces of smartie being left on the balance. The balance we have used has a high degree of accuracy, as the measurements are given in grams to three decimal places. However, if the difference in the weight of smarties is too small to be detected on this balance, either a more accurate balance must be found or a survey of something with a higher variance must be carried out. Results (sample data). There is a table of the sample I have collected in my group. Weight of smartie (g) 0.898 0.939 0.921 0.941 1.004 0.994 0.922 0.934 0.893 0.934 0.954 0.998 1.042 1.009 0.957 1.013 1.110 0.972 1.034 1.041 1.042 0.949 0.952 0.964 0.953 0.867 0.932 1.011 0.955 0.959 0.982 0.913 0.939 0.954 1.061 0.906 0.955 0.901 0.957 1.081 0.994 1.044 0.955 0.950 1.014 1.027 1.050 1.045 1.047 0.915 Stem and leaf diagram of sample data. 1.11 0 1.10 1.09 1.08 1 1.07 1.06 1 1.05 0 1.04 122457 1.03 4 1.02 7 1.01 134 1.00 49 0.99 448 0.98 2 0.97 2 0.96 4 0.95 02344555779 0.94 19 0.93 24499 0.92 12 0.91 35 0.90 16 0.89 38 0.88 0.87 0.86 7 Although not necessary, I thought it would be somewhat useful to depict my sample data onto a stem and leaf diagram. Other information about the sample includes the lowest value, which is 0.867g, the highest is 1.110g, and the range is 0.243g. Sample Parameters. Mean. Using the total sum of the fifty smarties and dividing it by fifty to obtain the mean. Variance. The formula for variance states that you take the Mean of the squares minus the square of the mean. Standard Deviation. The standard deviation is found by finding the square root of the variance. Population Parameters. Estimate of the Mean of the population of smarties. The mean is an unbiased estimator, that is, the mean of its distribution is equal to the mean of the parent population. For this reason it can be used as an estimator for the mean of the population of smarties. As the mean of my sample is 0.976, then an estimate of the mean of the population of smarties is therefore: Estimate of the Variance of the population of smarties. The variance of the sample is a biased estimator. A biased estimator is one for which the mean of its distribution is not equal to the population value it is estimating. Therefore it must be converted to an unbiased estimator, by multiplying the sample variance by the number of smarties. You can see that the estimate of the variance of the population is slightly larger, than the variance of the sample. This is because within each sample some values are larger and smaller then the population mean, overall these cancel out and the mean of each sample would be closer to the population mean than the individual item. Estimate of the Standard Deviation of the population of smarties. Standard Error. The standard error is the standard deviation of the sample mean. According to the central limit theorem, the standard error can be calculated by performing a square root of the variance of the mean. This can be demonstrated algebraically: The standard error calculated above is quite small. This means that the variance of the sample mean is low, and this shows that one can be quite confident that the actual mean of the population is around 0.976. However this is not a very mathematical or user friendly method of showing how confident one is about the accuracy of the estimate made. This introduces the use of Confidence Intervals. Confidence Intervals Background. To calculate how confident one is about the estimate of the population mean, one can use confidence intervals. These tell you how confident (as a percentage) you can be that the mean of the population falls within a given range. How they work is explained in the following. Example Sample Mean Distribution: According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sample mean is distributed Normally. The mean of the sample mean (the centre of the curve) is equal to the population mean. The shaded area in the diagram shows the population mean à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1 standard error. According to the tables for the normal function, this comprises of 68% of the curve. This means that there is a 68% chance that the mean of the sample is within one standard error of the mean of the population. This probability can be written algebraically as an inequality: However, as m is not known when sampling, the above inequality is useless, as it is not known to which number to add or subtract the standard error from. So the inequality is rearranged into this: This shows that the probability that the population mean is within 1 standard error of the sample mean is 68%. In other words you can be 68% confident that the population mean is within 1 s.e. of the sample mean. This idea can be used to calculate the confidence intervals that allow you to be 90%, 95% and 99% sure of the range where the population mean is found. 90% Confidence Interval. To work out a 90% confidence interval, you must work out how many standard errors from the mean contain 90% of the area under the curve (shown by the 0.9 in the shaded area above, as the are under the whole curve is equal to 1). The table of the Normal function shows areas to the left of points on the x-axis. This means that to work out the z score (the number of standard errors), you must calculate the total area to the left of the z, and look that up in the table to find the z score. This then allows you to calculate the confidence interval: The formula again to calculate confidence interval is here: The k value for 90% is 1.645, which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This in words means that you can be 90% confident that the mean weight of the population lies between 0.963g and 0.989g. 95% Confidence Interval. The k value for 95% is 1.960, which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This means that you can be 95% confident that the population mean is between 0.961g and 0.991g. This is a larger range than that of the 90% confidence interval, because to be more confident, the possible range must increase. 99% Confidence Interval. The k value for 99% is , which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This means that you can be 99% confident that the population mean is between 0.956g and 0.996g. Validation. I must test my confidence intervals, and check if another sample will fit, and therefore show whether my investigation has been successful. For this quick test my group collected another ten results from two further packets of smarties. We used the same method for data collection as before. The Data we collected for the second (test) sample: Weight of smartie (g) 1.105 0.933 0.921 0.848 1.100 0.952 0.870 0.853 1.091 0.997 Mean. Looking back at my confidence intervals, this new sample mean actually fits in each of the confidence statements I made. Conclusion. After using the estimation techniques of the Central Limit Theorem I have estimated the following population parameters for the weights of smarties (three significant figures): Mean = 0.976g Variance = 0.00292 Standard Deviation = 0.0547g Using the Confidence Interval technique I have produced the following confidence: 90% = 0.963g ; m ;0.989g 95% = 0.961g ; m ; 0.991g 99% = 0.956g ; m ; 0.996g Also, my second sample data has proved my confidence intervals correctly, and the mean of 0.967g fit into the ranges that I calculated. I suppose there is no real conclusion, and I could not have set myself a hypothesis, as the investigation did not really call for one. The limiting factors meant I could not carry out a more detailed investigation, as for example if I based my sample on how many of each colour of smarty per tube, I would need a sample of about fifty tubes of smarties, which would have been impractical for me, as I would have had a time and a cost burden. Limitations. The size of the sample was small. The calculations that relied upon the data collected are therefore inaccurate to some extent, looking at how many smarties and packets of smarties there are in the world, a sample of fifty is completely dwarfed. To be more accurate a large sample must be collected. The sample might have been a fluke I might have got all the big smarties, or all the small ones. However there is not much to do to eliminate the possibility of this apart from to weigh every single smartie. This is extremely impractical. The smarties gathered were from my groups immediate area. Even though they were taken from different shops and different packets, they do not necessarily represent all the smarties in the world, only ones in my area. The results may be unreliable because the company that produces smarties may be changing, or have changed the mean weight setting for the smarties. They may be trying to slowly lower the weight while keeping the price the same. This could mean that the actual population parameters are somewhat different to the ones estimated here. But this may be unlikely. I found that the actual investigation may have been very limited from the start, by choosing the weight from random packets it meant I could not analyse the ratio of smarties per packet, or the mean weight per packet, as to collect a sample for those types of investigation I would need to have collected about fifty packets of smarties, which not only may have been expensive but would have been very tedious to measure each smarty from fifty packets, and would have been very impractical to carry out. Possible Extension. A statistical analysis of entire tubes of smarties could be carried out. The actual weight of the smarties could be compared to the price on the tube to determine whether the manufacturers are lying about how much smartie there is in their packets. Also similar investigations looking at how many smarties per packet, average weights of packets, etc. Weighing smarties of different colours could also be done to find if there are any differences between them. Or even counting how many smarties of different colours you get in different packets. But yet again an investigation like this would be harder to carry out, as you would need at least fifty packets of smarties to carry out a small scale investigation Also, a larger sample size could be taken to determine the mean and variance more accurately, a lot more accurately in fact. Lastly, I could have extended my confidence interval calculations; I could have included a 99% confidence of the mean varying only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.001g, which would have shown I would have needed a massive sample, possibly over 20,000 to get that much confidence in such a small interval.

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re wondering whether there are any colleges with late application deadlines, you’re in luck! Lots ofcolleges have application deadlines in February or later, and many more keep rolling admissions open until all their spots have been filled. Here, we give you a full list of colleges with late application deadlines. But before diving into this list, let’s consider an important question: what exactly isconsidered a normal deadline? When Are Most College Deadlines? As you’ll see in a moment, there’s a lot of variation when it comes tocollege deadlines. Early deadlines can be in November when you're just a couple of months intosenior year. By contrast, especially late deadlinescango right up until the start of a college semester! The majority of college deadlines will fall in November or January of your senior year. Most regular decision deadlines are in January, typically onJanuary 1 or January 15. You’ll apply right around the new year and usually get your admissions decision in March or April. Many schools also offer an early action and/or early decision deadlinefor students who are ready to apply earlier (and ready to hear back earlier, too). These deadlines tend to be November 1 or November 15,and students usually hear back by mid-December. While these typical deadlines are in November or January, most of the work starts longbefore. To apply, you need to be ready with letters of recommendation, essays, and your SAT/ACT scores, all of which take months to years of preparation. If you’re not ready with all these components, you might look for colleges with later application deadlines.But what are some other reasons you might be looking to apply later than January? Since Dumbledore stopped lending out his time-turner after the whole Prisoner of Azkaban debacle, your best option for buying extra time is with a late application deadline. Who WouldBenefit From Late Application Deadlines? If you’re reading this article, you might have a very specific reason you searched for "colleges with late application deadlines." Maybe you’d like another opportunity to take the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, or ACT to achieve your target scores. Or maybe you’re hoping to bring up your GPA with grades from the first semester of senior year. By applying later, you might be able to include part of senior year on your transcript. Another possible reason could be that you’re looking to add some more options to your college list. Maybe you’ve rethought your choices or received a rejection from an early decision school. By applying to some more schools, you might end up going somewhere you didn’t initially expect to. Regardless of whether you slacked off during the "normal" application season or just want to add another option to your plans, you’ll find that there are manycolleges accepting applications in February and later. Below is a list of schools with deadlines after February 1, followed by colleges that might also be a good option for you because they use rolling admissions. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. List of Colleges With Late Application Deadlines The following colleges offer late application deadlines in February, March, April, May, June, July, August, and even September! This full list of colleges with late application deadlines is organized by month; you can either scroll through it or look for a specific school by using the ctrl + F function on your keyboard. All data comes from the College Board's BigFuture. Note that some of these schools have earlier priority deadlines for things such as scholarships and financial aid. Colleges With February Deadlines College Application Deadline Abilene Christian University 2/15 Allegheny College 2/15 Assumption College 2/15 Baylor University 2/1 Birmingham-Southern College 2/1 Brigham Young University 2/1 Brigham Young University–Hawaii 2/15 Brigham Young University–Idaho 2/1 Bryant University 2/3 Butler University 2/1 Catholic University of America 2/15 Champlain College 2/1 Christopher Newport University 2/1 City University of New York: Baruch College 2/1 College of the Atlantic 2/15 College of Wooster 2/15 Colorado State University 2/1 Creighton University 2/15 DePaul University 2/1 DePauw University 2/1 Dickinson College 2/1 Drew University 2/15 Earlham College 2/15 Ecole Hoteliere de Lausanne 2/1 Emmanuel College (Massachusetts) 2/15 Endicott College 2/15 Gettysburg College 2/1 Gonzaga University 2/1 Grove City College 2/1 Guilford College 2/15 Hillsdale College 2/15 Hobart and William Smith Colleges 2/1 Hope International University 2/1 Howard University 2/15 Iona College 2/15 Ithaca College 2/1 Jewish Theological Seminary of America 2/15 Knox College 2/1 La Sierra University 2/1 Marist College 2/1 Maryland Institute College of Art 2/1 Massachusetts College of Art and Design 2/1 MCPHS University 2/1 Meredith College 2/15 Merrimack College 2/15 Miami University: Oxford 2/1 Morehouse College 2/15 Muhlenberg College 2/15 Nazareth College 2/15 North Carolina State University 2/1 Ohio State University: Columbus Campus 2/1 Old Dominion University 2/1 Pace University 2/15 Pace University: Pleasantville/Briarcliff 2/15 Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences 2/1 Queen's University 2/15 Quinnipiac University 2/1 Radford University 2/1 Randolph College 2/1 Rhode Island School of Design 2/1 Roger Williams University 2/1 Rollins College 2/15 Saint Anselm College 2/1 Saint Michael's College 2/1 Seattle Pacific University 2/1 Sewanee: The University of the South 2/1 Siena College 2/15 Simmons College 2/1 Spelman College 2/1 St. Lawrence University 2/1 St. Mary’s College of California 2/1 Stevens Institute of Technology 2/1 Suffolk University 2/1 SUNY University at Stony Brook 2/1 Susquehanna University 2/15 Texas AM University–Baylor College of Dentistry 2/1 Texas Christian University 2/15 Towson University 2/15 Transylvania University 2/1 Trinity University 2/1 United States Coast Guard Academy 2/1 United States Military Academy 2/28 Unity College 2/15 University of British Columbia 2/2 University of Cincinnati 2/1 University of Kentucky 2/15 University of Mary Washington 2/1 University of Maryland: Baltimore County 2/1 University of Massachusetts Lowell 2/1 University of Michigan 2/1 University of New England 2/15 University of New Hampshire 2/1 University of North Carolina at Asheville 2/15 University of North Carolina at Wilmington 2/1 University of Portland 2/1 University of Puerto Rico: Medical Sciences 2/15 University of Rhode Island 2/1 University of Wisconsin–Madison 2/1 Ursinus College 2/15 Virginia Military Institute 2/1 Wagner College 2/15 Washington College 2/15 Webb Institute 2/15 Wofford College 2/1 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2/1 Ready for March Madness? This next list features all the colleges with March application deadlines. Colleges With MarchDeadlines College Application Deadline Adrian College 3/15 Appalachian State University 3/15 Arcadia University 3/1 Boston Baptist College 3/15 California State University: Bakersfield 3/1 Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science 3/1 Coe College 3/1 Colorado School of Mines 3/1 Columbia College of Nursing 3/1 East Carolina University 3/15 Elmira College 3/15 Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico 3/26 Flagler College 3/1 Georgia State University 3/1 Great Lakes Christian College 3/1 Gutenberg College 3/1 Hampden-Sydney College 3/1 Hampton University 3/1 Hanover College 3/1 Illinois State University 3/1 John Cabot University 3/1 Juniata College 3/15 Lewis Clark College 3/1 Lycoming College 3/1 Maine Maritime Academy 3/1 Manhattanville College 3/1 Marygrove College 3/15 Monmouth University 3/1 Montclair State University 3/1 Moody Bible Institute 3/1 Moravian College 3/1 Mount St. Mary’s University 3/1 New Jersey Institute of Technology 3/1 Ramapo College of New Jersey 3/1 Randolph-Macon College 3/1 Rhode Island College 3/15 Roanoke College 3/15 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology 3/1 Rowan University 3/1 SUNY Downstate Medical Center 3/1 SUNY University at Albany 3/1 Temple University 3/1 United States Merchant Marine Academy 3/1 University of Dallas 3/1 University of Dayton 3/1 University of Hawaii at Manoa 3/1 University of Minnesota: Morris 3/15 University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3/1 University of North Carolina School of the Arts 3/15 University of Scranton 3/1 University of South Florida 3/1 University of Toronto 3/1 University of Waterloo 3/28 Vanguard University of Southern California 3/2 Washington Jefferson College 3/1 Wells College 3/1 Western Carolina University 3/1 Westfield State University 3/1 Whitworth University 3/1 Winston-Salem State University 3/15 As you move into the spring of senior year, there are still colleges that will accept your application for the fall semester. Colleges With AprilDeadlines College Application Deadline Bastyr University 4/15 Berea College 4/30 College of Charleston 4/1 East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania 4/1 Family of Faith College 4/1 Georgia College and State University 4/1 Gustavus Adolphus College 4/1 Johns Hopkins University: Peabody Conservatory of Music 4/1 Keene State College 4/1 Lakeview College of Nursing 4/1 Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 4/15 Mannes School of Music: The New School 4/1 Methodist College 4/15 Minneapolis College of Art and Design 4/1 Morgan State University 4/15 Mount Carmel College of Nursing 4/1 New College of Florida 4/15 New Jersey City University 4/1 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 4/1 North Park University 4/1 Plymouth State University 4/1 Point Loma Nazarene University 4/1 Resurrection University 4/1 Salem State University 4/15 Simon Fraser University 4/30 Singapore Management University 4/1 Springfield College 4/1 St. Vincent College 4/1 SUNY College at New Paltz 4/1 Universidad Central del Caribe 4/1 University of Houston 4/1 University of Iowa 4/1 University of Kansas 4/1 University of Massachusetts Boston 4/1 University of New Hampshire at Manchester 4/1 University of Oklahoma 4/1 University of South Florida: Saint Petersburg 4/15 University of Utah 4/1 University of the Virgin Islands 4/30 April showers bring May application deadlines. Colleges With May Deadlines College Application Deadline Al Akhawayn University 5/31 American Jewish University 5/31 American University in Cairo 5/15 Aurora University 5/1 Austin College 5/1 Baptist College of Health Sciences 5/1 Bard College at Simon’s Rock 5/1 Bayamon Central University 5/6 Bridgewater College 5/1 California State Polytechnic University: Pomona 5/1 Canisius College 5/1 Capital University 5/1 Carroll College 5/1 City University of New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice 5/31 Clemson University 5/1 College of Saint Rose 5/1 Delaware Valley University 5/1 Eastern Washington University 5/15 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 5/15 Florida Atlantic University 5/1 Florida Gulf Coast University 5/1 Georgia Southern University 5/1 Grand Valley State University 5/1 Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary 5/1 Huston-Tillotson University 5/1 Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis 5/1 Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 5/2 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Aguadilla Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Bayamon Campus 5/1 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Fajardo Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Metropolitan Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Ponce Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: San German Campus 5/15 Johnson University: Florida 5/1 Kean University 5/31 Kennesaw State University 5/8 Life Pacific College 5/3 Marietta College 5/1 Massachusetts Maritime Academy 5/1 McNally Smith College of Music 5/1 Norfolk State University 5/31 Olivet Nazarene University 5/15 Philander Smith College 5/1 Regent University 5/1 Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 5/1 School of the Art Institute of Chicago 5/1 Southeastern University 5/1 Southern Illinois University Carbondale 5/1 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 5/1 Southern Utah University 5/1 St. Edward's University 5/1 St. Mary’s University of Minnesota 5/1 Texas State University 5/1 Touro University Worldwide 5/15 Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila 5/8 University College of San Juan 5/1 University of Alberta 5/1 University of Arizona 5/1 University of Central Florida 5/1 University of Nebraska–Lincoln 5/1 University of Nevada: Reno 5/31 University of New Mexico 5/1 University of South Florida: Sarasota-Manatee 5/1 University of St. Thomas 5/1 Virginia State University 5/1 Westminster College (Pennsylvania) 5/1 Wilberforce University 5/1 Winthrop University 5/1 Worcester State University 5/1 Yonsei University 5/15 If you're interested in any of the schools on this next list, you could apply right around the time you graduate from high school. Colleges With June Deadlines College Deadline Art Academy of Cincinnati 6/30 Auburn University 6/1 Augusta University 6/1 Azusa Pacific University 6/1 Central Connecticut State University 6/1 Clark Atlanta University 6/1 Columbia University: School of General Studies 6/1 Columbus State University 6/30 Elizabeth City State University 6/30 Georgia Gwinnett College 6/1 Grace Bible College 6/1 Haskell Indian Nations University 6/1 Hendrix College 6/1 Jacksonville University 6/1 Johnson University 6/1 Keystone College 6/1 Lubbock Christian University 6/1 Medical University of South Carolina 6/30 Mercy College of Health Sciences 6/15 Metropolitan State University 6/15 North Central University 6/1 Oregon State University 6/1 Patrick Henry College 6/15 Prairie View AM University 6/1 Presbyterian College 6/30 Regis College 6/1 Roseman University of Health Sciences 6/1 Shiloh University 6/6 Southwestern Adventist University 6/1 St. Luke’s College 6/30 University of Alaska Anchorage 6/15 University of Houston–Clear Lake 6/1 University of Texas at San Antonio 6/1 University of the District of Columbia 6/14 University of the Sacred Heart 6/30 University of Washington Tacoma 6/1 University of West Florida 6/30 University of West Georgia 6/1 Valdosta State University 6/15 Virginia Union University 6/30 Visible Music College 6/30 Wesleyan College 6/1 William Paterson University of New Jersey 6/1 If you don't mind bringing your work to the beach, you could apply to any of the colleges below that havea July deadline. Colleges With July Deadlines College Deadline Adventist University of Health Sciences 7/1 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University 7/15 Alabama State University 7/31 Albany State University 7/1 Allen University 7/31 Anderson University 7/1 Berry College 7/25 Bethany Lutheran College 7/1 Black Hills State University 7/15 Bowling Green State University 7/15 California Institute of Integral Studies 7/22 Calvary Bible College and Theological Seminary 7/15 Central Michigan University 7/1 Cincinnati Christian University 7/1 College for Creative Studies 7/1 College of Idaho 7/15 Conception Seminary College 7/31 Concordia University (Oregon) 7/1 Coppin State University 7/15 Dallas Christian College 7/15 Dalton State College 7/1 Dillard University 7/1 Divine Word College 7/15 Dominican University 7/1 Dordt College 7/31 Duquesne University 7/1 Fayetteville State University 7/1 Fort Valley State University 7/15 Fresno Pacific University 7/31 Georgia Southwestern State University 7/21 Henderson State University 7/15 Heritage Christian University 7/1 High Point University 7/1 Iowa State University 7/1 Lane College 7/1 Lebanese American University 7/31 Louisiana Tech University 7/31 Machzikei Hadath Rabbinical College 7/1 Manhattan Christian College 7/1 Mercer University 7/1 Metropolitan State University of Denver 7/1 Middle Georgia State College 7/16 Millsaps College 7/1 Missouri State University 7/20 Missouri University of Science and Technology 7/1 Montana Bible College 7/15 Mount Angel Seminary 7/1 Mount Vernon Nazarene University 7/15 Northeastern Illinois University 7/1 Northwestern State University 7/6 Nova Southeastern University 7/28 O'More College of Design 7/31 Our Lady of the Lake College 7/1 Paine College 7/1 Piedmont College 7/1 Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico 7/15 Rabbinical Seminary of America 7/1 Saint Bonaventure University 7/1 Saint Martin's University 7/31 Samford University 7/1 Savannah State University 7/15 Shaw University 7/30 Silicon Valley University 7/1 South Carolina State University 7/31 Southeast Missouri State University 7/1 Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 7/1 Spring Hill College 7/15 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary–Overbrook 7/15 St. Francis University 7/30 St. John Vianney College Seminary 7/15 SUNY College at Purchase 7/15 SUNY Farmingdale State College 7/1 Tarleton State University 7/21 Texas AM University–Corpus Christi 7/1 Texas AM University–Galveston 7/31 Texas Woman's University 7/15 Tuskegee University 7/15 University of Akron 7/1 University of Canterbury 7/1 University of Detroit Mercy 7/1 University of Greenwich 7/31 University of Hawaii at Hilo 7/1 University of Houston-Downtown 7/1 University of Maryland: Eastern Shore 7/15 University of Memphis 7/1 University of Nevada: Las Vegas 7/1 University of New Orleans 7/25 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 7/1 University of North Carolina at Pembroke 7/31 University of North Georgia 7/1 University of South Alabama 7/15 University of Texas at Dallas 7/1 University of Texas at El Paso 7/31 University of Wisconsin–Parkside 7/15 Watkins College of Art, Design Film 7/15 Winona State University 7/12 Xavier University of Louisiana 7/1 These next schools let you godownto the wire with August application deadlines. Colleges With August Deadlines College Deadline Alaska Pacific University 8/15 Alfred University 8/1 Allen College 8/1 American Baptist College 8/1 American University in Dubai 8/10 Angelo State University 8/23 Arizona Christian University 8/15 Arkansas State University 8/17 Auburn University at Montgomery 8/1 Augsburg College 8/1 Austin Peay State University 8/5 Ball State University 8/15 Baptist College of Florida 8/15 Bellarmine University 8/15 Belmont Abbey College 8/1 Belmont University 8/1 Beth Medrash Govoha 8/15 Bethel College (Indiana) 8/15 Bethel College (Kansas) 8/1 Bloomfield College 8/1 Bluefield College 8/31 Bluffton University 8/15 Bob Jones University 8/1 Boise Bible College 8/1 Bradley University 8/15 Brewton-Parker College 8/1 Burlington College 8/1 California State University: East Bay 8/31 California University of Pennsylvania 8/22 Calvin College 8/15 Carson-Newman University 8/1 Centenary College of Louisiana 8/1 Central Baptist College 8/15 Central College 8/15 Central Methodist University 8/1 Chatham University 8/1 Claflin University 8/1 Clarion University of Pennsylvania 8/1 Cleveland State University 8/15 Coastal Carolina University 8/1 Coker College 8/1 College of St. Elizabeth 8/15 Colorado State University: Pueblo 8/1 Columbia College 8/15 Columbia International University 8/1 Columbus College of Art and Design 8/22 Concordia University (Nebraska) 8/1 Concordia University St. Paul 8/1 Concordia University Texas 8/1 Concordia University Wisconsin 8/15 Corban University 8/1 Cornerstone University 8/15 Cornish College of the Arts 8/15 Cox College 8/1 Crossroads College 8/15 Culver-Stockton College 8/1 Dakota Wesleyan University 8/25 DeSales University 8/1 Drury University 8/1 East Texas Baptist University 8/15 Eastern Illinois University 8/15 Eastern Kentucky University 8/1 Ecclesia College 8/22 Edgewood College 8/14 Emmanuel College (Georgia) 8/1 Eureka College 8/1 Fairmont State University 8/15 Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary 8/1 Ferris State University 8/1 Florida College 8/1 Fontbonne University 8/1 Fort Lewis College 8/1 Francis Marion University 8/15 Georgetown College 8/1 Georgian Court University 8/1 Gordon College 8/1 Goshen College 8/1 Grace College 8/1 Grambling State University 8/15 Grand View University 8/15 Gwynedd Mercy University 8/20 Heidelberg University 8/1 Hellenic College/Holy Cross 8/1 Hilbert College 8/15 Hobe Sound Bible College 8/25 Holy Cross College 8/15 Holy Names University 8/15 Huntington University 8/1 Husson University 8/15 Indiana State University 8/15 Indiana University Kokomo 8/6 Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne 8/1 Institute of American Indian Arts 8/4 Jackson State University 8/1 Kansas City Art Institute 8/1 Kent State University 8/1 Koc University 8/1 Laguna College of Art and Design 8/1 Lake Erie College 8/1 Lamar University 8/1 Langston University 8/17 Laurel University 8/8 Limestone College 8/26 Louisiana College 8/15 Marian University 8/1 Martin Methodist College 8/1 Maryville University of Saint Louis 8/15 McMurry University 8/15 Mercy College of Ohio 8/1 MidAmerica Nazarene University 8/1 Midwestern State University 8/7 Milligan College 8/1 Milwaukee Institute of Art Design 8/1 Minnesota State University Moorhead 8/1 Mississippi Valley State University 8/17 Mount Marty College 8/30 Mount Mercy University 8/15 Mount Saint Mary College 8/15 Mount Saint Mary's University 8/1 Mount St. Joseph University 8/1 Murray State University 8/15 Muskingum University 8/1 Nebraska Christian College 8/1 Nevada State College 8/1 New Hope Christian College 8/1 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 8/1 New Saint Andrews College 8/1 Niagara University 8/1 North Carolina Central University 8/1 North Dakota State University 8/1 North Greenville University 8/26 Northern Illinois University 8/1 Northern Kentucky University 8/20 Northwest Nazarene University 8/15 Northwest University 8/1 Northwestern Polytechnic University 8/29 Northwood University: Texas 8/1 Ohio Northern University 8/15 Oklahoma Baptist University 8/1 Oklahoma City University 8/15 Pacific University 8/15 Park University 8/1 Pillar College 8/30 Point University 8/3 Prescott College 8/15 Purdue University Calumet 8/1 Queens University of Charlotte 8/1 Rabbinical College of Telshe 8/15 Regis University 8/1 Roberts Wesleyan College 8/15 Sacred Heart Major Seminary 8/15 Saint Cloud State University 8/1 Saint Peter's University 8/27 Sam Houston State University 8/1 Schreiner University 8/1 Seton Hill University 8/15 Siena Heights University 8/1 Southeastern Louisiana University 8/1 Southern Arkansas University 8/30 Southern Nazarene University 8/1 Southern Wesleyan University 8/1 Southwestern College 8/25 Spring Arbor University 8/1 St. Joseph's College New York: Suffolk Campus 8/15 St. Joseph's College, New York 8/15 St. Louis Christian College 8/7 Summit University 8/15 SUNY College of Agriculture and Technology at Morrisville 8/22 SUNY Polytechnic Institute 8/1 Tennessee State University 8/1 Tennessee Technological University 8/1 Tennessee Wesleyan College 8/15 Texas AM International University 8/1 Texas AM University–Commerce 8/15 Texas AM University–Kingsville 8/14 Texas Lutheran University 8/1 Texas Southern University 8/15 Texas Tech University 8/1 Thomas More College 8/1 Toccoa Falls College 8/1 Trevecca Nazarene University 8/1 Trine University 8/1 Trinity College of Florida 8/2 Truett-McConnell College 8/1 Union College (Kentucky) 8/15 Union College (Nebraska) 8/1 Union University 8/1 Universidad Metropolitana 8/15 Universidad Pentecostal Mizpa 8/24 University of Alabama in Huntsville 8/20 University of Alaska Southeast 8/1 University of Arkansas 8/1 University of Colorado Denver 8/19 University of Hawaii: West Oahu 8/1 University of Houston–Victoria 8/25 University of Idaho 8/1 University of Louisville 8/24 University of Maine at Machias 8/15 University of Michigan: Flint 8/20 University of Minnesota: Duluth 8/1 University of Missouri: St. Louis 8/24 University of Mobile 8/1 University of Montevallo 8/20 University of Nebraska–Omaha 8/1 University of North Texas 8/1 University of Northern Colorado 8/1 University of Northern Iowa 8/15 University of Northwestern–St. Paul 8/1 University of South Carolina: Aiken 8/1 University of South Carolina: Beaufort 8/1 University of Southern Indiana 8/15 University of St. Francis 8/1 University of Tennessee: Chattanooga 8/1 University of Tennessee: Martin 8/1 University of Texas at Brownsville 8/1 University of Texas at Tyler 8/20 University of Texas–Pan American 8/ University of the Cumberlands 8/15 University of Valley Forge 8/1 University of Virginia's College at Wise 8/15 University of Wisconsin–Superior 8/1 University of Wisconsin–Whitewater 8/1 University of Wyoming 8/10 Viterbo University 8/15 Walsh University 8/15 Washington Adventist University 8/1 Wayne State University 8/26 Webber International University 8/1 Webster University 8/1 Webster University: The Netherlands 8/1 West Virginia State University 8/10 West Virginia University 8/1 Western Kentucky University 8/1 Westminster College (Utah) 8/15 Westmont College 8/15 William Jessup University 8/26 William Jewell College 8/15 Wilmington College 8/1 York College 8/31 Youngstown State University 8/1 This final group of schools lets you enroll in September, right before you start taking classes. Colleges With September Deadlines Colleges Deadline Eastern Oregon University 9/1 Life University 9/1 If you’re looking to send off a later application, these colleges with late deadlines aren’t the only ones available. Schools with rolling admissions might also still have space for prospective students! Fun with rolling (admissions)! Colleges With Rolling Admissions Unlike the colleges listed above, schools with rolling admissions do not have a set application deadline. Instead, they open a window of time during which they'll accept applications, often from the fall to the spring. Although this policy gives you more flexibility, it’s definitely not a pass to procrastinate. Spaces at rolling admissions schools can fill up, and commonlyadmissions committees give the strongest considerationto students who file their applications early or submit by a priority deadline. A good rule of thumb to use when applying is, "The earlier, the better." Below are some popular schools that use rolling admissions, but they aren’t the only ones! If you’re interested in the full list of rolling admissions colleges, you can find it here. Arizona State Indiana University Bloomington Michigan State Pace Penn State Quinnipiac Texas AM University of Alabama University of Maine University of Minnesota University of New Haven University of Pittsburgh University of Tulsa So there you have it- the full list of schoolswith late application deadlines and a few popular ones with rolling admissions policies.Even if you missed some earlier deadlines, you still have a number of options for a fall college enrollment. Final Thoughts: Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Whether you are just starting your college planning or are a senior looking to shoot off some last-minute applications, make sure you know all of the college'sdeadlines and requirements. Even though these colleges have deadlines that are later than average, you still need to plan and prep your application months before, whether you’re asking for a letter of rec, studying for the SAT, or drafting and revising your personal essay. Furthermore, colleges with rolling admissions might have a priority deadline as early as November. If you’re really serious about a particular school, try toapply as early as possible. An added motivation is the knowledge that, in many cases, the sooner you apply, the sooner you’ll get an admissions decision! If any of the schools above interest you, you might be able to spread out your work and remove some of the pressure from the typical college application season in November and December. At the same time, don’t put off your applications for too long- deadlines have a habit of sneaking up on you before you know it! What’s Next? At this point, you have a good sense of application deadlines, whether they're early, regular, or later than average. Now it's time to think about when to plan and prepare all the major pieces of your college application. Our guide will help you schedule your time by detailing your complete college application timeline, from start to finish. For more information on all the steps it takes to apply to college, from choosing your high school classes to hitting "submit," check out this comprehensive guide.You'll learn not just what to prepare but also why each part is significant in the eyes of admissions officers. Are you dragging your feet about your application because you're not sure what to do next year? Perhaps taking a gap year to volunteer, work, or figure out your future educational plans is the best option for you! If you're interested, readour guide to taking a gap year! Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Course of Study for 6th Grade

Course of Study for 6th Grade Sixth grade is an eagerly-anticipated time of transition for most tweens. The middle school years can be both exciting and challenging. Sixth through 8th-grades often mean higher expectations and more responsibility for students academically. They can also be emotionally-challenging years as students reach adolescence. Language Arts A typical course of study in language arts for sixth grade includes components of reading, writing, grammar, spelling, and vocabulary. Students will read a variety of genres including fiction and non-fiction; biographies; poetry; and plays. They will also read more complex texts across the curriculum in subjects such as science and social studies.   Sixth-graders will learn to use techniques such as to cause and effect or compare and contrast  to analyze the plot, characters, and central theme of a  text. Writing shifts to more complex compositions regarding the content and length of time spent on assignments. Students may write long-term research papers or spend a week or more developing a more elaborate narrative. Writing assignments should also include expository and persuasive essays,  autobiographies, and letters. As more proficient writers, sixth-graders will learn to vary their sentence structure for more expressive writing and avoid using a passive voice.  They will use  tools such as a thesaurus to include more varied and descriptive vocabulary. Grammar also becomes more complex and should cover, identifying parts of speech such as direct and indirect objects; predicate adjective; and transitive and intransitive verbs. Students will begin to learn Greek and Latin roots to help them analyze and understand unfamiliar vocabulary.   Math Sixth-grade students have a solid grasp of foundational math skills and are ready to move on to more complex concepts and computations.   A typical course of study for 6th-grade math includes working with negative and rational numbers; ratios, proportion, and percent; reading, writing, and solving  equations with variables; and using the order of operations to solve problems. Students are introduced to statistical thinking using  mean, median, variability, and range. Geometry topics include finding the area, volume, and surface area of polygons such as triangles and quadrilaterals; and determining the diameter, radius, and  circumference of circles. Science In sixth grade, students continue to use the scientific method to increase their understanding of earth, physical, and life science topics.   Life science topics include the classification of living things; the human body; cell structure and function; sexual and asexual reproduction; genetics; microbes, algae, and fungi; and plant reproduction.   Physical science covers concepts such as sound, light, and heat; elements and compounds; electricity and its uses; electric and magnetic interaction; potential and kinetic energy; simple machines; inventions; and nuclear power. Earth science may cover topics such as climate and  weather; conservation;  space  and the universe; oceans, geology; and recycling. Social Studies The topics covered in social studies can vary widely in 6th grade, particularly with homeschooling families based on the curriculum they use and their homeschooling style. History topics may include ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Some students may be covering the Middle Ages or Renaissance.   Other common topics for sixth grade include the U.S. government and Constitution; the presidential election process; types of governments; the Industrial Revolution;  and the rise of the United States as a political power. Geography often covers a detailed study of various regions or cultures, including the history, foods, customs; and religion of the area.   Art There is no typical  course of study for art in middle school. Instead, the general guideline is to allow students to experiment with a variety of art forms to discover what interests them. Students may enjoy performance arts such as drama or playing a musical instrument. Others may prefer visual arts such as painting, drawing, or photography. Textile arts, such as sewing, weaving, or knitting, may appeal to some 6th graders.  Ã‚   The study of art can also include art history or the study of famous artists or composers and their work. Technology Technology plays a huge role in modern society. By middle school, most students will have already had a great deal of experience with technology. However, sixth grade is an excellent time to make sure that students are proficient in areas of technology that they will use throughout high school. Students should be competent in their keyboarding skills. They should be familiar with common applications such as those used to produce text documents and spreadsheets.   Students must also understand and follow safety guidelines when using the internet and know how to adhere to fair use rules and obey copyright laws.

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants Research Paper

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants - Research Paper Example Restaurant owners and managers should benchmark the famous example of Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald when he canceled the license of a franchise restraint when he saw a fly. Such was his commitment to cleanliness and food safety. All restaurants should make food safety and cleanliness an integral part of their mission statements, rules and regulations and should also incorporate them into their training programs. Benefits: A good training program protects the customers from any harmful effects and so in the process, it protects the business venture. Trained employees will not just ensure food safety and cleanliness but they will also be efficient and productive. Apart from protecting the customers a good training also safeguards the health and safety of employees. Employee training also ensures their motivation and loyalty because training makes them feel that they are involved in the bigger picture. A training program also makes employees more customers driven. The point that should be of emphasis is that training should not be considered a short term solution. It should be considered a policy of continuous improvement and an ongoing process. So the new standards and techniques should be taught all the time to employees. Organizations should keep in touch with national and local organizations and authorities that specialize in food and restaurant safety and training programs. Last but not least is the fact that a good training program is a great tool to reinforce in customers a feeling that the organization cares about them and the environment they provide to them. This, in fact, is crucial in building long term relationships with them.

The Coca-Cola Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Coca-Cola Company - Coursework Example As the research stresses the company enjoys more flexibility in terms of making decisions at the local levels. Decentralization for the company has also played a role in allowing the top management ample time to focus on long term planning. However, while the firm has decentralized most of its operations, there are certain divisions that are still centralized due to their importance. These divisions include, for instance, the human resource, finance, innovation and strategy division. On the other hand, the market for non-alcoholic beverages continues to grow, and Coca-Cola can use its economies of scale to expand its market base. From the report it is clear the company needs to exploit include, for instance, India and China where there is a high demand for soft drinks due to hot climate conditions. In addition, there is also a growing market for still drinks as more customers are focusing health and wellness. Conversely, in order to remain competitive, the company needs to embrace innovation. Through innovation, the company will be in a position to develop a business strategy that is unique to the competition. The Coca-Cola is a multinational company that specializes in the manufacture of soft drinks. A pharmacist known as Stith Pemberton invented the firm’s main product, Coca-Cola in 1886. However, both the formula and Coca-Cola brand was later sold to Asa Candler in 1889, leading to the establishment of The Coca-Cola Company.

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish Tilapia is generic name of an African cichlids endemic group. This group is composed of three aquaculture important kind of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia. Various characteristics differentiate these three genera, but the main critical concerns to reproductive conduct. All species of tilapia are nesting in builders; a brood parent guards the fertilized eggs in the nest. Both species of Sarotherodon and Oreochromis are mouthing incubators; eggs gets fertilized in the nest but the parents instantly pick up those eggs in mouths and keep them through brooding and for many days after hatching. Brooding in mouth is found only in Oreochromis species, while in case of Sarotherodon either male or both female and male are holding brooders (SRAC, 2005). During the last half of 20th century fish farmers all over the tropical and semi-tropical world have commenced farming tilapia (FAO, 2000). Today, commercial production of important tilapia goes to genus Oreochromis beyond Africa, and more than 90 percent of the farmed tilapia are Nile tilapia outside of Africa. (Balarin and Haller, 1982) reported that Nile tilapia is the most popular tilapia species for aquaculture and is widely distributed in many countries other than native Africa. Adaptability: Oreochromis niloticus is a quickly growing species which can live in various types of waters. It is extremely adaptable and can use a wide range of various food sources (along with plants), but feeds mainly on phytoplankton along with benthic algae. Even though Nile tilapia is assumed as a freshwater species it has shown a great margin towards salt and can survive in briny situations (Beveridge et. al., 2000). Stickney et al., (1979) reported that Nile tilapia can tolerate to a wide range of environmental conditions, fast growth rate, efficient to convert organic matter into high quality protein and have a favorable taste. Feeding Habits: Tilapia has broad variety food organisms that are natural, along with plankton, some aquatic benthic invertibrates, macrophyte, plank tonic and benthic larval fish, breaking up organic matter, and detritus. With heavy auxiliary feeding, natural food beings typically account for 30 to 50 percent of growth of tilapia. Tilapia is often referred as filter feeders as they can efficiently reap water plankton. The gills of tilapia release a mucous which traps plankton. Then mucous rich with plankton or bolus, is swallowed (EL-Sayed A.F.M., 2006). Tilapia is an omnivore; means feeds on both plants and animals food sources. However, feeding behavior depends with size and age. Larvae usually feed on phytoplankton (algae), fingerlings feed on zooplankton (artemia, moina, and rotifer), and while adults consume both plants and animal food sources near the surface because are floating feeders. In this regard, Caulton 1976; Saha and Dewan 1979; Brummett 1995; Turker et al. 2003 bumped that little tilapia filtered substantially more phytoplankton regarding than larger ones. In addition, Azim et al. (2003) looked into consequence of periphyton quantity and size of fish (7 and 24 g) on ingestion rate by Nile tilapia, and they observed that ingestion rate between small fish significantly increased with density of periphyton, but not for fish with medium size. Protein Requirements: Including Tilapia Proteins are important nutrients for all living organisms for their structure and function. Continual use of protein is being used for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Therefore, continuous supply of proteins or their component amino acids are necessary. Many studies indicated that fish does not have true protein necessity, but instead needs a well equilibrized mixture of dispensable and indispensable amino acids. Insufficient intake of protein will result in retardation of growth due to withdraw of protein from fewer vital tissues to maintain the function of critical parts. Too much supply of protein, however, only part will be used to synthesize new tissues and remainder will be converted to energy (NRC, 1983). Many findings have been carried out about the optimum dietary protein level for tilapia. This level for tilapia appears to be influenced by size or age of the fish and ranges from 28% to 50%. For fry dietary protein levels ranging from 36 to 50% have been shown to produce best level growth (Davis and Stickney, 1978; Santiago and Laron, 1991; El-Sayed and Teshima, 1992). That for juvenile 29 to 40% has been determined to produce optimum growth (Cruz and Laudencia, 1977; Teshima et al., 1978); for young adult fish up to 40g 27.5 to 35% appears to be maximum (Jauncey and Ross, 1982; Siddiqui et al., 1988; Wee and Tuan, 1988; Twibell and Brown, 1998). Practical diets for grow out of tilapia usually contain 25 to 35% crude protein. In ponds, however, fish may have access to natural food that is rich in protein, thus dietary protein levels as low as 20 to 25% have been estimated to be adequate (Newman et al., 1979; Lovell, 1980; Wannigama et al., 1985). Proteins are made up of amino acids. Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are the amino acids have been shown to be necessity for fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). The main problem is that quantity for each type required differs from species, and excessive quantity might be damaging a fishs health (Moyle and Cech 1982). Scoliosis (curvature of the spine) can result due to lack of amino acids in fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). Proteins are vital in the fish growth. Research has shown that due to certain proteins lack, growth will be scrawny. In the nature, omnivorous fish generally feed on ample alive organisms, protein enriched, that provide a valuable energy source (Moyle and Cech 1982). However, many commercial foods lack ample protein as it is expensive. Fish use large amount of energy to crush large and complex proteins. Due to this, carbohydrates and lipids are replaced as energy sources (Moyle and Cech 1982). Lipid requirement: On other hand, lipids are found in tissues of both animal and plant and are digestible completely (Moyle and Cech 1982). Symbiotic bacteria are present in guts of many herbivorous fish that helps to digest the carbohydrates and liberate its energy to fish. Lipids supply higher energy than do carbohydrates, and also render fatty acids, that are used for the energy construction reserves in fish. Predaceous fish normally have a maximum growth rate due to their diet of live fish, which are naturally high in lipids (Moyle and Cech 1982). Dietary lipids are the main source of essential fatty acids needed by fish for normal growth and development. They are vital carriers and assist in absorption of vitamins with fat-soluble. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are important for cellular structure and maintenance of membrane flexibility and permeability. Lipids serves as precursors of steroid hormones and prostaglandins, improve the flavor of diets and affect the diet texture and fatty acids composition of fish (Webster I. et al., 2002). Takeuchi et al. (1983) reported that essential fatty acid requirement of Nile tilapia was found to be 0.5% linoleic acid (18:2à Ã… ½6). Complete diets and Feeding Levels: Complete diets are important in semi intensive culture systems of Nile tilapia, for a provision of all essential nutrients to the fish. In order to develop such diets it is also necessary to know the specific nutrient requirements of the animal and optimize feed formulation in order to obtain fast growth of high quality fish at low costs, (Moore, 1985). Nutrient requirement of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia: Many studies have been done to find out the suitable optimum nutrient level for tilapia. Fineman and Camacho (1991) observed that 30% protein with 3500 kcal was better than 30% protein with 3000 kcal for supplementary feed for Oreochromis niloticus in brackish water ponds. Watanabe et al. (1990) found that final mean weight were high in 28% protein to 32% protein under all densities. Hanley (1990) found that increasing dietary lipid has no significant effect on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein gain. De Silva and Perera (1985) and Siddiqui et al.(1988) cited by Zonnveld and Fadholi (1991) found that optimum protein levels for fry and young Nile tilapia reared at maximum growth should be 28-30% respectively. Water Quality Requirements: Nile tilapia would grow well in water with a temperature range of 20-35 °c and optimum between 28 ° and 30 °C and productivity can be assumed at a maximum within this temperature range (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Tilapia cannot survive at a temperature below 10 °c for more than few days. When it exposed to cold water, disease resistance is impaired and death may result in only few days (Lovell, 1989) The tolerance level of DO for Nile tilapia is as lower as 0.1 mg/L (Magid and Babiker, 1975). Chevrvinski (1982) reported that O. niloticus could survive by using atmospheric oxygen when dawn DO concentration drops to less than 1 mg/L. Colt (1987) demonstrated that Nile tilapia growth reduces as DO level reaches below 5mg/L.. However, its survival depends on the duration of low dissolved oxygen in the culture system. In tanks, fish survive at the oxygen level of 1.2 mg/L by gulping oxygen from the atmosphere for up to 36 hours if other water quality parameters remain at an optimum level (Balarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia has a lethal pH limit at approximately 4 and 11 respectively and pH between 6.5 and 9 is the desirable range for fish culture (Swingle, 1969) Nile tilapia is more tolerant of high ammonia level than any other species of fish. The lethal ammonia level for tilapia is 2.3 mg NH3-N/L., but it was reported that by prolong exposure, it can tolerate levels of up to 3.4 mg/L (Stickney, 1985). A level of unionized ammonia above 0.5 mg/L frequency results in mortality when fish are further stressed by low oxygen, handling (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia is not directly affected by alkalinity and tolerance level as high as 700 to 3,000 mg/L CaCo3 (Morgan, 1972). A total alkalinity range of 20 400mg/L is considered satisfactory for most aquaculture purpose (Tucker and Robinson, 1990 cited by Lawson, 1995). Phosphorous requirement The dietary requirement for phosphorus in tilapia varies from 0.9% (Watanabe et al., 1980), 0.45-0.6% (Viola and Arieli, 1983), 0.3-0.5% (Robinson et al 1984, Robinson et al., 1987) to 0.46% (Haylor et al., 1988) depending on species, fish size, food composition or expression of a reported requirement, available or final dietetic phosphorus. The diet containing the complete mineral premix contained 0.9% total phosphorus, whereas the unbalanced calcium and phosphorus diet contained 0.5% overall phosphorus. Although fish could partly absorb phosphorus from its environment (Lall, 1979, Lall, 1989, Lall, 19911, dissolved phosphorus is usually at very low levels of about 0.005-0.05 Mg/L, which is inadequate to meet their requirement (Nose and Arai, 1979 cited in Lall, 1991). Hepher (1954) (as cited in Hepher and Sandbank, 1984) noted that even in fish ponds fertilized with phosphates, the level of phosphorus does not increase much above its normal low level due to absorption to soil colloid and precipitation as insoluble compounds. Phosphorus is a component of phosphoproteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids, which play important roles in energy metabolism. Addition of dietary phosphorus has been reported to decrease the lipid content of muscle and viscera, whereas muscle protein content increased (Murakami, 1970 cited in Lall, 1979; Takeuchi and Nakazoe, 1981 cited in Viola et al., 1986; Shu, 1987; Hung, 1989; Wee and Shu, 1989). Calcium requirement The requirement for calcium in tilapia reared in calcium-free water was found to be 0.65% for 0. areus (Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987). In the calcium and phosphorus uncomplemented diet, the calcium level was about 1%. At this level, even without supplementation, it appears that the calcium level in the soybean-based diet would be sufficient to meet the requirement. The availability of dietary calcium to fish has not been studied. Furthermore, under normal conditions, one cannot demonstrate a calcium requirement in fish (Cowey and Sargent, 1979; Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987; Yarzhombed and Bekina, 1987) because of calcium uptake from the water (Dabrowska et al., 1989; Luquet, 1991). In Nile tilapia, calcium uptake takes place in the skin, particularly by the opercular membrane (McCormick et al., 1992). In contrast to phosphorus, it seemed, therefore, that the calcium requirement could be met from the rearing water. Activities such as liming of ponds are likely sources of calcium. The similarity of calcium levels in the final carcass of fish fed the calcium supplemented, calcium non-supplemented diets and the non-fed fish further support the likeliness of calcium uptake. The calcium is a must in the fish diet for balancing the calcium and phosphorus ratio. Maintaining an optimum Calcium and Phosphorus ratio is important in diets for red sea bream, eels, and brook trout but not for catfish, carp, and rainbow trout (NRC, 1973, NRC, 1983; Ogino and Takeda, 1976; Viola et al., 1986; Hepher, 1988; Lall, 1991). In tilapia, the role of the Ca: P ratio is not well defined and merits further study (Robinson et al. 1987). However, noted that in freshwater fish, dietary Ca: P ratio does not generally impair growth or tissue concentration as long as dietetic phosphorus is adequate and calcium is present in the rearing water. Feeding standards of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia This is a set of tables, which include the quantity of each dietary component required for each age and species of fish for different levels of production and maintenance. When complemented by tables of feeds composition, then it is possible to formulate accurate rations for individual or fish groups, an essential process for a least-cost ration feeding program operation. Marek (1975) composed a feeding chart of common carp and tilapia. The chart was having estimation of natural food in the pond and subtracted from the calculated feed requirements for maintenance and expected growth. The charts are based on the weight of fish, and changes are adjusted according to the daily growth of fish. In most cases, therefore ration is fixed for a longer period of time (Hepher, 1982). Feeding rate of Nile tilapia Underfeeding of fish can result in production loss. Overfeeding will cause a costly feed wastage and a potential cause of water pollution in addition, a condition ensuing loss of animals or needing expensive corrective measures. Hence, both overfeeding as well as under-feeding has serious economic effects that affect the farm viability. Bard et al (1976) stated that most of the supplemented feed is not fully eaten by fish; some drop to the bottom of the water contributes to development of phytoplankton, hence promoting growth of fish both direct and indirect way. Sometimes a vague instruction might be read, like feed 5% of biomass per day as a dry feed. This might be applied during whole growing cycle. This would most likely result in near famishment in the early stages and gross excessive feeding and later water quality problems. Feeding rates must not be steady throughout the whole of the growth cycle till table size. They must be changed according to the fish age and its size to conditions of water. Brown et al (1979) demonstrated that it is uneconomical to balance diets fed to fish in ponds according to the absolute nutrient requirement of the fish. Stocking density and size Feeding level of fish in the semi intensifier system increases with the increase of density of fish. As t density of fish in the semi intensive culture increases per unit area, the food requirement of fish also increases. This increase of biomass does not relate with the increase of raw food and in many cases is associated with a decrease in the production of food from nature due to limited supply to the overgrowing biomass stated (1979) that when the biomass of fish increased, each fish gets a smaller amount of natural food, which may not meet its nutrition requirement. This deficit can be covered by supplementary feed. Natural Food in a semi intensive culture Algae or phytoplankton is an microscopic weeds form the base of the fish food chain. Adequate temperature, sunlight, and nutrients are basic for all green plants needed for growth. In presence of the sufficient light and proper temperature, chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) nutrients are readily assimilated by phytoplankton and increasing their abundance. Manure comprises the same nutrients, is released and present to phytoplankton during and after decomposition. As phytoplankton absorbs fertilizer nutrients and reproduces to create dense communities pond water changes to brownish or greenish color. This is known as phytoplankton bloom. There are three basic feeding pathways by which input of fertilizer in the pond provides nutrition for fish: Direct consumption of organic matter by fish Autotrophic productivity of algae pursuant to fertilization and their consumption by filter feeding fish. Heterotrophic productivity of micro organisms and benthic micro organisms from manure inputs and their successive consumption by fish. These three basic feeding pathways can operate in a single aquaculture system, even though their relative importance still a subject of intense debate Colman and Edwards, (1987). In Israel experimental work reported that the heterotrophic pathway of organic manure was found to be more efficient than an autotrophic pathway, Schroeder (1980). It was stated that low fish production by an autotrophic food chain was due to the sunlight limitations of phytoplankton with filter feeding fish mainly depend on heterotrophic organisms that are not light dependent. Therefore, the autotrophic food chain is required to provide the necessary DO which limit to the heterotrophic feed chain Colman and Edwards, (1987). The fertilized ponds with nutrients stimulate the microscopic plants growth in the water (phytoplankton). Phytoplankton is food for other water creatures (zooplankton and larger animals) that fish eat. Water becomes turbid or greenish color (called a bloom) Martin et al (1999) because of abundant growth of microscopic plants. Evaluation of the nutritional value of natural food is a difficult because each fish species has its own nutrition requirement from its diet Determination of biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in the fish pond must be related to the food requirement of fishes. Until now, there is not a reliable method developed for determination of secondary production, although primary production can be estimated. Spataru et al (1979) reported that supplementary feed can replace some of the natural food. Aquino and Neilso (1982) supported that Oreochromis niloticus grow well in cages on food. The primary producers which are sourcing of food to different type of fish are not digested equally by fish. Blue green algae Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillator was reported to be indigestible because they have copious moulage, cellulose wall, or firm periblast, (Zhang, 1989). Recent research work in China indicated that Tilapia can digest green-algae (Zhang, 1989). Mellamena, (1990) reported that algae contain protein, fat, Carbohydrates varies 22% to 48%, 2% to 16%, and 14% to 24% respectively. Zooplankton has more protein and fat content than any other phytoplankton except one gabber. Diatoms which have the more silicious cell wall contain higher quantities of inorganic matter. Tamiya, (1975) found that the average protein content of algae is about 50% on a dry matter basis. The biological value of algae is about 81.5% meaning that 124gram of algal protein corresponds to 100 grams of egg protein. The amino acid composition of algae is similar to that of FAO reference protein except, there is a slight deficiency in cystine and methionine. Lipids found in phytoplankton are typical ester of glycerol and fatty acids having a carbon number from C14 to C20. The major acids in diatoms are palmitic (16:0), hexadecanoic (16:1), Becker (1989). Blue green algae have a larger amount of polyunsaturated fats (25% to 68%) oftotaltriglyceride up to 80% of the totalalgae lipids. Lipid content of Cyanobacteria and green algaein outdoor mass culture is 7% to 15% lipids (Becker, 1989). (Nostocsp., Calothrex sp., Oscallaria and Spirulina sp., Urenima sp.) and 20% to 25% lipids in green algae (Scenedesmus),to 10% in dry weight. All plankton feeders fish reported to digest diatoms such as Silver carp and tilapia (Power, 1960, 1966). Tilapia zillii in Israel revealed that it had a capacity to disintegrate after gelatinous matrix colonies of blue green algae, especially Microcystis (Spataru, 1978).

Brooklyn Cop Essay

The cop appears to be a savage yet we are later made aware of his underlying vulnerability. New York’s reputation of violence and crime leads to our awareness of the cop’s fear of not returning home to his wife. †¦ We are first made aware of the cop’s intimidating appearance in the first line, of the first stanza when MacCaig uses the simile â€Å"built like gorilla. † This gives us a very negative and animalistic idea of the man, an enforcer, and almost a thug. This is reinforced with the metaphor, â€Å"hieroglyphs in his face† instead of eyes. We build a picture of someone who is very strong, brutish and somewhat sinister. MacCaig includes the element of humour by saying, â€Å"but less timid,† this is also ironic, as gorillas aren’t renowned for their timidity to begin with. We are further made aware of the cop’s threatening appearance when the cop is described as being, â€Å"steak coloured. † This suggests that the cop constantly looks enraged, due to the comparison to raw steak, which is bright red. A very important metaphor is created in the first stanza, which establishes the main theme of the poem: â€Å"he walks the sidewalk and the thin tissue over violence†¦ † This leads us to believe that there is an underlying threat of violence in the cop’s persona, which implies that the cop is an unpredictable and perilous character. We now know why this man has to be so strong: his world is one where, as the metaphor highlights, the thin veneer of peace and civilisation is very fragile and could easily be broken. MacCaig retains our interest by creating contrast in the cop’s persona in the first stanza. The stanza concludes with Norman MacCaig giving a more defenceless view of the cop, by expressing the intimate relationship he shares with his wife. He says, â€Å"See you, babe† as well as â€Å"Hiya honey. † We can now almost think of him as a gentle giant, less of a brute. The word â€Å"honey† is a term of affection that shows both his love for his wife and his relief at coming home safely from his work. These conflicting parts of his personality; his brutal, animal-like side at work, and his tender caring side at home are revealed in these two contrasting lines and contribute to the vivid description of the cop. We are further made aware of the cop’s vulnerable side when we are told, â€Å"he hoped it, he truly hoped it. † MacCaig uses repetition to increase our awareness of the cop’s fear of not returning home to his wife. In the last stanza, the poet shifts the image of the gorilla. No longer the powerful and dangerous animal, he has become one of an endangered species who faces death or extermination at every street corner. Who would be him, gorilla with a nightstick whose home is a place he might, this time, never go back to? † Norman MacCaig uses a rhetorical question, as he wants us all to consider the dangers this man faces on a daily basis; The fact that every working day is a life threatening situation for him is affluent throughout the poem, as is the fierce, tough and unyielding characteristics of this Brooklyn Cop, all of which are necessities in order for him to be able to fulfil his duties. MacCaig questions the cop’s integrity in the last sentence of the poem, he asks yet another rhetorical question: â€Å"And who would be who have to be his victims? † Here, MacCaig has used an elliptical sentence structure. This last question is almost encoded, requiring the reader to think of all the implications, but leaving us to make up our mind independently.