Assignment Internal Cash Control Essay Example for Free

Task Internal Cash Control Essay The shortcomings in the inner power over money distributions are, there ought to be just a single individual responsible for composing the checks for each errand, and there ought to be numbered checks for the two individuals with the goal that the assets spend can be followed simpler, the cupboards were the checks are put away ought to be two bolted cupboards, one for every individual who composes the checks. Reminder: I would prescribe that to have a superior power over cash paid and things bought, that you begin having numbered checks in two separate records, one record for the treasurer and one record for the buying operator. This strategy will make it simpler for moth gatherings to maintain a strategic distance from errors, and it will likewise be simpler to confirm cash spent and gotten. P4-1A The inward control standards executed by the Guard Dog Company are, numbered checks with the goal that the organization has a number path to screen money dispersment. Each check must have endorsement from Jane Bell, and Dennis Kurt before a check can be given, this is a foundation of obligation to guarantee that not simply anybody particle the organization can compose checks. Checks must be marked by either Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the associate treasurer. Prior to marking a check, the underwriter is relied upon to contrast the measures of the check and the sums on the receipt, this is likewise a type of foundation of duty and both of these strategies are an utilization of documentation methods. In the wake of marking a check, the underwriter stamps the receipt â€Å"paid† and embeds inside the stamp, the date, check number, and measure of the check. The â€Å"paid† receipt is then sent to the bookkeeping division for recording. By doing this it is a method of checking organization money dispersment and documentation control. Limitless tickets to ride are put away in a safe in the treasurer’s office. The blend to the safe is known by just the treasurer and right hand treasurer. By securing the checks a protected it sets up obligation regarding the checks, and uses a Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls to limit any check issues to one source. Every month the bank proclamation is accommodated with the bank balance per books by the associate boss bookkeeper. By doing this it sets up report control, along these lines any inconsistencies in the sum paid can be checked. Show the shortcomings in interior bookkeeping control in the treatment of assortments. The shortcomings in the treatment of assortments are the manner in which the cash is saved, the manner in which the looks at are made and the manner in which the cash is confirmed and saved. P4-2A List the enhancements in interior control systems that you intend to make at the following gathering of the review group for (1) the attendants, (2) the head usher, (3) the money related secretary, and (4) the fund panel. The upgrades the attendants need to make is that after each offering they ought to independently check their own gathered bins and log there sum in a contribution log book, so that there is less space for mistake in the subsequent stage. By giving all the bins to the head usher without tallying the cash themselves, the head usher can offer any sum on his last store. The upgrades the head usher needs to make is to ensure that each usher tallies their crates, and that the head usher checks all the bins and checks for disparities to ensure that nobody is taking any cash. The head usher ought to likewise check the sum given to him/her against what is written in the contribution log. Have a book to log the measure of cash that is placed into the safe with the goal that it is signed in a manner that can be checked by the board of trustees, a note is definitely not a sheltered strategy since it very well may be tossed out, by signing in a book it is simpler to discover were the inconsistencies originated from. The upgrades the money related secretary should make is that he/she ought to have a rundown of what should be paid and make a log of the sums that need paid and to ensure the receipts are logged alongside whatever bills or administrations that should have been paid that week. The monetary secretary ought to likewise check the measure of cash in the safe against the log that is kept by the attendants. The money related board of trustees should show an increasingly itemized rundown of what consumptions are required every month with the goal that the budgetary secretary comprehends what is required for installment that month. They ought to likewise be engaged with confirming the places of worship salary. To improve interior control the congregation ought to have a log for cash got during contributions, they should advise the gathering to make the checks payable to the congregation or to the record holder that the registers are kept with, in light of the fact that anybody can money a look at made to â€Å"cash†. The congregation ought to likewise confirm that any cash not saved from the contribution was spent appropriately and not utilized for individual things. Incorporate how an organization could utilize the five essential standards of money the board to expand exactness for a business. An organization can expand the assortment of receivables by offering motivating forces for snappy installment from their clients. An organization can postpone the installment of liabilities and bills to near the due date of the risk or bill, so that if any use is required before the due date they won't have gone through the cash too soon. An organization can keep stock low on the product that doesn't sell rapidly, with the goal that the organization has cash for the product that is well known and selling quick. An organization that desire to extend should hold up until they have abundance cash in a moderate season with the goal that they can grow their business and possess new areas open in energy for their bustling season. An organization ought to put cash that is sitting inactive into okay companies’, the most widely recognized type of fluid speculations is enthusiasm paying U. S. government protections.

Controversial Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Essay Example

Questionable Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Essay Example Questionable Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Paper Questionable Supreme Court Case Roper V. Simmons Paper Article Topic: Questionable The Death Penalty is a questionable theme all alone. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you include the chance of a minor accepting capital punishment it gets considerably all the more intriguing. The Supreme Court instance of Roper v. Simmons was an ideal case of that. Roper v. Simmons gave the Supreme Court two inquiries: 1) regardless of whether the execution of the individuals who were sixteen or seventeen at the hour of a wrongdoing is brutal and bizarre rebuffed and 2) does is damage the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. The principle crowd for this specific case is the general American populace, and explicitly influences the adolescent populace. Christopher Simmons, seven months short of his eighteenth birthday celebration, arranged and executed the homicide of a guiltless lady. Portrayals of the homicide are completely chilling. Reports uncovered that Simmons and an assistant bound the lady in tape and dropped her off an extension, suffocating her in the waters underneath. Simmons later admitted to the wrongdoing and even took an interest in a recorded reenactment of it. On the off chance that he had been a grown-up at the hour of the homicide, Simmons’ case would not bring up any sacred issues. Yet, because of his age, the issue under the steady gaze of the court was whether the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments permitted the United States to â€Å"execute an adolescent wrongdoer who was more established then 15 however more youthful than 18 when he carried out a capital wrongdoing. † Justice Kennedy insisted the past decision in the Missouri Supreme Court. Therefore, Simmons couldn't be considered for capital punishment because of his age, and his sentence stayed at life in jail without any chance to appeal. Equity Kennedy proceeded to state, â€Å"it is the court’s thinking that puts forth this defense questionable, due to advancing gauges of decency† (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) since the decision in Stanford v. Kentucky (1989), the Court has grounds to govern against the adolescent capital punishment. In the Stanford managing, the Court held that adolescents younger than 15 couldn't be executed, â€Å"due to sees that have been communicated by regarded proficient associations, and driving individuals from the Western European people group. † (STANFORD v. KENTUCKY, 492 U. S. 361 1989) The Court later governed in Atkins v. Virginia (2002) that, â€Å"mentally hindered people were absolved from capital punishment too, a further indication of society’s evolving gauges. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 2002) The choice in Atkins disclosed that because of their debilitations, â€Å"it is exceptionally far-fetched that such guilty parties would ever merit the death penalty. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 2002) The thinking in Atkins is applied to the Simmons choice. Kennedy contends that since people under 18 are completely less chargeable than the normal lawbreaker, they ought not merit capital punishment. Kennedy includes that there are three contrasts between adolescents under 18 and grown-up guilty parties. To begin with, â€Å"juveniles regularly come up short on the development found in grown-ups, an attribute that is reasonable among the youthful and teenagers are overrepresented factually in for all intents and purposes each class of crazy conduct. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) The subsequent contrast is, â€Å"that they are progressively defenseless against negative impacts or outside weights and this could prompt degenerate conduct. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 51 2005) Lastly, Kennedy declares that â€Å"the character of an adolescent isn't too framed as a grown-up and that character qualities in young people are momentary. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 2005) Moreover, in view of the relative youthfulness and untrustworthiness of such individuals, Kennedy coherently noticed that almost every state bars individu als under 18 from casting a ballot, serving on juries or wedding without parental assent. If so, they ought to likewise be excluded from capital punishment, since adolescents have a more prominent case than grown-ups to be pardoned of conditions that can prompt wrongdoing and freak conduct. Likewise, the guard presented mental and neurological proof demonstrating that young people, including sixteen-and seventeen-year-olds, need adequate mind and social advancement to have the essential culpability. In spite of the fact that the Court perceived that adolescents are less experienced, instructed, and insightful than grown-ups in Thompson, the Roper Court is, â€Å"unlikely to discover the insufficiencies of adolescents as extraordinary as those of the intellectually impeded. † (THOMPSON v. OKLAHOMA, 487 U. S. 15 1988) Furthermore, Stanford’s express dissatisfaction with logical confirmation proposing that adolescents are less guilty shows that the Court is probably going to discover reprisal can be adequately served. At long last, â€Å"juveniles will probably be seen as reasonably discouraged by the danger of capital punishment, particularly since the equivalent subjective and conduct capacities at issue in Stanford are getting looked at in Roper. † (ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. at 320. Pp. 5-17) Justice Stevens concurred with the lion's share pinion, yet felt constrained to take note of that in light of the fact that our comprehension of the Constitution changes now and again, the Court could properly inspect the adjustment in measures to decipher the Eighth Amendment. However Justices O’Connor and Scalia felt that there were clear issues with the Court’s cover administering. They were particularly worried that the Court felt a â€Å"national consensus† against the adolescent capital punishment existed. An enormous number of the American populace are hostile to capital punishment and much increasingly enthusiastic against it with regards to adolescents confronting this sentence. As indicated by Justice Kennedy, 30 states presently preclude the adolescent capital punishment †12 that have killed the death penalty by and large and 18 that bar adolescents from its range. However Justice Scalia impacts this contention taking note of, â€Å"that none of the Court’s past cases that managed claimed established constraint upon capital punishment has tallied states that have dispensed with capital punishment altogether. † (ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 51 2005) Justice O’Connor includes that the â€Å"halting pace of change† in this circumstance is far unique in relation to the â€Å"extraordinary wave of authoritative action† that went before the court’s administering in Atkins. This gives the protesters â€Å"reason to pause,† in light of the fact that the national slant doesn't appear as concrete as Justice Kennedy attests. Be that as it may, the 5-4 Supreme Court choice in Roper v. Simmons now forestalls anybody younger than 18 from being executed. The disagreeing conclusions additionally centered around the Court’s thinking that adolescents are â€Å"categorically less at fault than the normal lawbreaker. The two Justices can't help contradicting this thinking, and Justice O’Connor calls attention to that however a multi year old killer is ordinarily less capable than a grown-up, doesn't mean he could be adequately guilty to justify capital punishment. O’Connor calls attention to that Simmons boasted he could â€Å"get away with murder† due to his age. Giving an indication that he was not hindered by the possibility of the death penalty. The way that everything about arranged ahead of time clarifies how Simmons has an awareness tangibly more debased than that of the normal killer. Equity Scalia refers to an amicus brief by the American Psychological Association, which contended, â€Å"Adolescents had successful abilities in thinking about good quandaries and understanding social guidelines and laws†¦ and could settle on choices like having a premature birth without parental endorsement. † (APA 2004) Surely, if adolescents are full grown enough to settle on a premature birth, they can be sufficiently developed to submit murder. Moreover, Scalia talked about the amici briefs portray, â€Å"Additional instances of murders submitted by people under 18 that include really massive acts. (APA 2004) While adolescent executions are uncommon, Justices O’Connor and Scalia accept that it was an error to boycott them totally. In their brain, not exclusively are a few young people equipped for grievous acts, they ought to be rebuffed in like manner. References American Psychological Association. Roper. D. P. v. Simmons, C. (2004). Brief from the Psycholo gical Association, Missouri Psychological Association. as Amici Curiae supporting respondent July 2004. Recovered May 20, 2011 from apa. organization/about/workplaces/ogc/amicus/roper. pdf ATKINS v. VIRGINIA, 536 U. S. 320 (2002) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://caselaw. findlaw. com/va-preeminent court/1427407. html ROPER v. SIMMONS, (03-633) 543 U. S. 551 (2005) 112 S. W. 3d 397, avowed Retrieved May 20, 2011 from law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-633. ZD1. html STANFORD v. KENTUCKY, 492 U. S. 361 (1989) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://laws. findlaw. com/us/492/361. html THOMPSON v. OKLAHOMA, 487 U. S. 815 (1988) Retrieved May 20, 2011 from FindLaw: http://laws. findlaw. com/us/487/815. html

Literature of The Long White Cloud Books from Aotearoa New Zealand

Literature of The Long White Cloud Books from Aotearoa New Zealand Aotearoa New Zealand. The Land of The Long White Cloud. Middle Earth. Home to Taika Waititi, Lorde, Badass Librarians, and Flight of the Concords. New Zealand is a tiny little island in the middle of the ocean, but from it comes a literary canon of vast and varied voices. Its a place of wonder and beauty and its a country in which the roots run deep. These books are from my homeland, so although you may never visit, or listen to me wax lyrical about the mountains and lakes and trees, you can at least experience the best of New Zealand literature in the pages of a book. The Bone People  by Keri Hulme A harrowing and heartbreaking novel that explores post-colonial New Zealand. Kerewin is an a-sexual woman from  Maori descent who is fiercely independent and headstrong, her lonely life is disrupted when a mute orphan arrives at her home one stormy night. Raising questions about race, sexuality, and abuse The Bone People is morally ambiguous and will fuck you up. The Whale Rider  by Witi Ihimaera The tale of a young girl growing up in a patriarchal world, The  Whale Rider questions cultural and indigenous sexism. Set on the rugged coast of New Zealand, the novel expertly intertwines past with present creating a sense of hope for the future. White Lies by Witi Ihimaera Originally titled The Medicine Woman, White Lies is a clash of culture and tradition when a  Maori Medicine Woman is asked to keep a secret by a wealthy white woman. The Luminaries by Eleanor Catton The world was focused on New Zealand literary scene when Catton won the 2013 Man Booker Prize for her 800 page novel,  The Luminaries.  This novel is a commitment so make time for it, but with its intricate structure and intriguing mystery,  The Luminaries  is worth the weight. The Rehearsal by Eleanor Catton Often eclipsed by its more famous older sister, Cattons  The Rehearsal  is a quietly powerful debut novel. Combining sexuality, music, identity, and drama, its a novel I will never tire of reading. I Am Not Esther by Fleur Beale Everyone loves a story about a cult and this is one of the best. A young girl finds herself raised by relatives who are in a religious cult. Her name is changed to Esther and she is forced to live a life that suppresses all she knows to be true. Obsessive, terrifying, fascinating. Baby by  Annaleese Jochems Baby makes me feel like Im reading about a Murakamiesque ennui musing on celebrity culture, money, social media, and narcissism, its blunt and urgent.  Baby is a  truly millennial novel complete with a millennial pink cover. Can You Tolerate This? by  Ashleigh Young Wicked smart personal essays exploring punk rock, growing up in the 90s, and mental health. Ive read so many essay collections, but one that is seeped in the culture and history of New Zealand allows me to see elements of my own story reflected in literary non-fiction. Wild Pork and Watercress by Barry Crump In the midst of the worlds obsession with Taika Waititi, readers will be pleased to know his film  Hunt for the Wilderpeople  is based on Crumps Wild Pork and Watercress. The Chimes by Anna Smaill Longlisted for the 2016 Man Booker Prize,  The Chimes  is set in a world where words are forbidden and memories are absent, in their absence music and objects form a way of communication and power. Wake  by Elizabeth Knox A disturbing novel with an excellent cover,  Wake  is about a community who are overcome with insanity, commit mass homicide, and then are left with the gory aftermath. Lewisville by Alexandra Tidswell Based on true events,  Lewisville  is a  historical novel spanning decades and continents. Anchored by a secret, the plot chronicles the reinvention of a young woman and the secrets we keep in order to remake ourselves. Potiki by Patricia Grace The question of ownership is at the heart of every colonised nation. And, it is a question that continues to be debated and discussed in New Zealand politics today. Graces  Potiki  speaks to this question and looks at ownership itself is the land something to be owned? And if so, by who? Tu  by Patricia Grace Named for the  Maori God of War, Tu was a solider in the  Maori Battalion in Italy during World War II.  Tu speaks of  war, survival, brotherhood, and sacrifice. Incidentally, one of Taika Waititi early short films  Tama Tu is about this very Battalion. Hera Lindsay Bird by Hera Lindsay Bird A collection of confessional poetry from young poet Hera Lindsay Bird. In 2016 her poem  Keats Is Dead So Fuck Me From Behind went viral, and in true form the rest of Birds poetry is just as raw and raunchy. Who Was That Woman, Anyway? by Aorewa McLeod A feminist navigation of a male world,  Who Was That Woman, Anyway?  jumps from party to dorm room to classrooms to covens in search of sexual identity and belonging.

Important Events in the European History That Changed the...

Essay 3 The changes are an integral part of progress and development. It is a well-known fact that in order to gain a new level the society should go through the series of different transformation. These transformations are not always pleasant and peaceful but, in general, they are useful for the society and help it to become a better one. In this work I am going to explain how, the European world changed dramatically as a result of a series of stresses in the late 13th to the mid 15th centuries and how such events as Black Plague, the One Hundred Years War and the collapse of Papal Power influenced the Medieval European society. The transformation of the Medieval society was long and painful process, which lasted approximately 150†¦show more content†¦The second effect was lack of laborers. The level of trust to the Church also decreased. The One Hundred Years’ War was another historical even, which influenced on the society in the Middle Ages. It â€Å"was a long s truggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it might more accurately be called the â€Å"116 Years War† (Wheeler, â€Å"The Hundred Years’ War†). Actually, it was the series of smaller wars and included several battles. The war involved two countries, England and France, which were among the leading ones in Europe during the Middle Ages. Nothing special, that such a massive struggle, which involved a large amount of people during the extremely long period of time, resulted into the drastic demographic, economical and political changes. England lost most of its continental territories and the insanity of the King brought it into the series of internal conflicts. On the contrary, France was able to strengthen its positions. The third important point, which initiated the changes in the European society and brought it to the new era of development, was the collapse of Papal Power. In the Middle Ages the be lief that there is one Pope, who rules the church, was extremely strong. That is why the division of the Papacy into the two ruling points, one in Avignon, France and one in Rome was a great tragedy for many people asShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanations. The need to resolve important everyday questions, such as; what controlled their environment, or, what system of morality is needed to best promote the stability of the tribe, meant that for early peoples, some response was required, so some people within started to come up withRead MoreHow the Columbian Exchange Changed Our World Forever810 Words   |  3 Pagesto the Old World and vice versa. This exchange had an enormous influence on the world: without the Columbian exch ange, the world would not be the same as the one we know today. In his essay, Charles C. Mann (2007) called the exchange the most important event after the death of the dinosaurs. Firstly, the Columbian exchange dramatically transformed the American ecological environment. Charles C. Man (2007) explained that, due to the success of Rolfe’s tobacco plantation in Jamestown, English earthwormsRead MorePrimary Source Evaluation Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagessubstantially after the events described took place. The time gap did not seriously affect the main content of the material because the events he describes were very serious and unforgettable ones. He wrote the material at the time he had already been a member of the Anti- Slavery Society leaving room for a little suspicion of his tendency to exaggerate some descriptions in his narrative. 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The Aims of Social Networks Assignment Example

Essays on The Aims of Social Networks Assignment The paper "The Aims of Social Networks" is a good example of an essay on technology. Social networking can be termed as an act of getting connected to and participating in a network of users connected virtually via a network. The network is often established by a portal or a website that enables users to create their profile on it and lets them get connected to all the other users who are logged into the site. This network of virtual individuals is tremendously large in magnitude and is a source of a number of advantages and disadvantages.   Examples of platforms supporting social web profiles are Facebook, Twitter, Orkut LinkedIn, etc. The globalization of today’s world sees it as such that virtually every human being is connected to the web in one way or the other. AIMS AND SCOPE: The aims of Social Networks are numerous. They can be summarized as follows: The spreading out of information and that too in an efficient and timely manner. The maintenance of timely runtime contact with individuals across the globe irrespective of their physical locations etc. The connections via social networks can be used to interconnect individuals whether it may be for personal or professional purposes. The scope of social networks varies extensively. From personal updates to the marketing of your officially launched professional product, the social network does it all for you. Its usage in E-Commerce and specifically E-Marketing is widespread as well. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The increasing popularity of social networks d emands that social ethics be made prevalent on social networks. If the cons are administered social networks are inevitable from the lives of humans. Recommendations for social networks are primarily for youngsters. Youngsters are advised not to share their personal information with strangers on public social networks.

All Contracts Are Agreements but Not All Agreements Free Essays

According to section 2(a) of Indian Contract Act states that, â€Å"every promise on every set of promises forming the consideration for each other an agreement. An agreement is a form of cross reference between different parties, which may be written, oral and lies upon the honor of the parties for its fulfillment rather than being in any way enforceable. It is also a fact that an agreement is a proposal and its acceptance, by which two or more person or parties promises to do abstain from doing an act. We will write a custom essay sample on All Contracts Are Agreements but Not All Agreements or any similar topic only for you Order Now But a contract according to section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, â€Å"An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. It is clear these definitions that the two elements of a contract are: (a) Agreement Contractual Obligation (b) Enforceability by Law. For Example: X invites his friend to coffee and the latter accepts the invitation. This is a social agreement not a contract because it does not imply any legal obligation. We can say that: (a) All contracts are agreements, (b) But all agreements are not contracts. (a) All Contracts are Agreements For a Contract to be there an agreement is essential; without an agreement, there can be no contract. As the saying goes, â€Å"where there is smoke, there is fire; for without fire, there can be no smoke†. It could be said, â€Å"Where there is contract, there is agreement without an agreement there can be no contract†. Just as a fire gives birth to smoke, in the same way, an agreement gives birth to a contract. Another essential element of a contract is the legal obligation for the parties to the contract; there are many agreements that do not entail any legal obligations. As such, these agreements cannot be called contracts. For Example: A gives his car to B for repair and B asks for Ksh. 2000 for the repair works. A agrees to pay the price and B agrees to repair the car. The agreement imposes an obligation on both. The third element of a contract is that the agreement must be enforceable by Law. If one party fails to keep his promise, the other has the right to go the court and force the defaulter to keep his promises. There are other elements are: 1. Offer and acceptance, 2. Legal obligation, 3. Lawful consideration, 4. Valid object, 5. Agreement not being declared void by Law, 6. Free consent, 7. Agreement being written and registered, 8. Capacity to contract, 9. Possibility of performance from what has been discussed. It is clear that all contracts are agreements. (b) All Agreements are not Contracts: An agreement is termed a contract only when it is enforceable by law. All agreements are not necessarily legally enforceable. It can rightly be said that an agreement has a much wider scope than a contract. For example that agreements are not legally binding are an invitation to dinner or to go for a walk and its acceptance. These are agreements not contracts. An agreement does not necessarily imply a legal obligation on the parties to the agreement. It is import here to clarify what exactly is an obligation. Obligation is a legal tie which imposes upon a person or persons the necessity of doing or abstaining from doing definite act or acts. An agreement need not necessarily be within the framework of law and be legally enforceable. If it is, then it is a contract. A promises B to do physical harm to C whom, the latter does not like and B promises to pay A Ksh. 1000 to do that, it cannot be termed as a contract because such an act would be against the law. Any agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful is void and cannot be called a contract. It would be clear from what has been said so far that an agreement has a much wider scope than a contract. An Agreement implies fulfilling some agreed condition. It does not necessarily imply that the stipulated conditions conform to the law and are enforceable by it. It may be said that an agreement is the genus of which contract is the species. It also makes it clear that all agreements are not contracts but all contracts are agreements. How to cite All Contracts Are Agreements but Not All Agreements, Essay examples

S1 Task A Measurements Essay Example

S1 Task A: Measurements Essay My aim is that within the limits of a small-scale survey I will collect sample data of a population, and by using estimation techniques I will determine the populations parameters (such as the mean and the variance). My population is smarties, and in this investigation I am looking at the individual weight of random smarties, which will be my sample. I decided to stick with weight, as it is a property that will vary a lot, I think, and so I hope will prove an interesting investigation. An important factor to help me decide on how large my sample should be is that the size of the sample must be quite small, because it is stated so in my aim. However, to make accurate estimates of population parameters the sample must be large enough. Therefore to help me decide on the size of my sample, I have accordingly looked at the Central Limit Theorem, which states that: * If the sample size is large enough, the distribution of the sample mean is approximately Normal. * The variance of the distribution of the sample mean is equal to the variance of the sample mean divided by the sample size. We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on S1 Task A: Measurements specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Central Limit Theorem allows predictions to be made about the distribution of the sample mean without any knowledge of the distribution of the parent population, as long as the sample is large enough. For this reason, the sample size will be set at fifty, which I consider large enough for the distribution of its mean to be normal (according to the Central Limit Theorem). It should not be larger because the aim of this investigation is to carry out a small scale survey. The sample. The sample will be of the weight of fifty smarties. To be a good sample I must make sure that the results are valid and not biased in any way, which means that these smarties must be collected randomly, because the sample must be random for the Central Limit Theorem to be in effect, which would provide a Normal distribution of its mean which will allow me to make predictions of the parent population. I have decided to collect my sample data in a group, in order to lower he costs of the investigation, and also to provide assistance with greater accuracy to collecting the sample. Five tubes of smarties will be bought, each from a different shop, and ten smarties will be selected at random from each tube to be used in the survey. This should produce a nice sample, which I am fairly confident will be random. Calculations. In this investigation I will need to calculate a few things in order to come to my conclusion. This is a quick plan of what I will be calculating. * The mean, standard deviation and variance of the sample. * These will be used to estimate the variance and standard deviation of the parent population of smarties. * This in turn, will be used to estimate the standard error (the standard deviation of the sample mean distribution). * And, this will be used along with the mean of the sample to create confidence intervals for the mean of the parent population of smarties. Accuracy of measurements. My group will randomly select the required smarties from the packets and one after the other, they will be weighed on an electronic balance that will be reset to zero after each measurement, which will reduce the chance of any inaccuracies that might arise from small pieces of smartie being left on the balance. The balance we have used has a high degree of accuracy, as the measurements are given in grams to three decimal places. However, if the difference in the weight of smarties is too small to be detected on this balance, either a more accurate balance must be found or a survey of something with a higher variance must be carried out. Results (sample data). There is a table of the sample I have collected in my group. Weight of smartie (g) 0.898 0.939 0.921 0.941 1.004 0.994 0.922 0.934 0.893 0.934 0.954 0.998 1.042 1.009 0.957 1.013 1.110 0.972 1.034 1.041 1.042 0.949 0.952 0.964 0.953 0.867 0.932 1.011 0.955 0.959 0.982 0.913 0.939 0.954 1.061 0.906 0.955 0.901 0.957 1.081 0.994 1.044 0.955 0.950 1.014 1.027 1.050 1.045 1.047 0.915 Stem and leaf diagram of sample data. 1.11 0 1.10 1.09 1.08 1 1.07 1.06 1 1.05 0 1.04 122457 1.03 4 1.02 7 1.01 134 1.00 49 0.99 448 0.98 2 0.97 2 0.96 4 0.95 02344555779 0.94 19 0.93 24499 0.92 12 0.91 35 0.90 16 0.89 38 0.88 0.87 0.86 7 Although not necessary, I thought it would be somewhat useful to depict my sample data onto a stem and leaf diagram. Other information about the sample includes the lowest value, which is 0.867g, the highest is 1.110g, and the range is 0.243g. Sample Parameters. Mean. Using the total sum of the fifty smarties and dividing it by fifty to obtain the mean. Variance. The formula for variance states that you take the Mean of the squares minus the square of the mean. Standard Deviation. The standard deviation is found by finding the square root of the variance. Population Parameters. Estimate of the Mean of the population of smarties. The mean is an unbiased estimator, that is, the mean of its distribution is equal to the mean of the parent population. For this reason it can be used as an estimator for the mean of the population of smarties. As the mean of my sample is 0.976, then an estimate of the mean of the population of smarties is therefore: Estimate of the Variance of the population of smarties. The variance of the sample is a biased estimator. A biased estimator is one for which the mean of its distribution is not equal to the population value it is estimating. Therefore it must be converted to an unbiased estimator, by multiplying the sample variance by the number of smarties. You can see that the estimate of the variance of the population is slightly larger, than the variance of the sample. This is because within each sample some values are larger and smaller then the population mean, overall these cancel out and the mean of each sample would be closer to the population mean than the individual item. Estimate of the Standard Deviation of the population of smarties. Standard Error. The standard error is the standard deviation of the sample mean. According to the central limit theorem, the standard error can be calculated by performing a square root of the variance of the mean. This can be demonstrated algebraically: The standard error calculated above is quite small. This means that the variance of the sample mean is low, and this shows that one can be quite confident that the actual mean of the population is around 0.976. However this is not a very mathematical or user friendly method of showing how confident one is about the accuracy of the estimate made. This introduces the use of Confidence Intervals. Confidence Intervals Background. To calculate how confident one is about the estimate of the population mean, one can use confidence intervals. These tell you how confident (as a percentage) you can be that the mean of the population falls within a given range. How they work is explained in the following. Example Sample Mean Distribution: According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sample mean is distributed Normally. The mean of the sample mean (the centre of the curve) is equal to the population mean. The shaded area in the diagram shows the population mean à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1 standard error. According to the tables for the normal function, this comprises of 68% of the curve. This means that there is a 68% chance that the mean of the sample is within one standard error of the mean of the population. This probability can be written algebraically as an inequality: However, as m is not known when sampling, the above inequality is useless, as it is not known to which number to add or subtract the standard error from. So the inequality is rearranged into this: This shows that the probability that the population mean is within 1 standard error of the sample mean is 68%. In other words you can be 68% confident that the population mean is within 1 s.e. of the sample mean. This idea can be used to calculate the confidence intervals that allow you to be 90%, 95% and 99% sure of the range where the population mean is found. 90% Confidence Interval. To work out a 90% confidence interval, you must work out how many standard errors from the mean contain 90% of the area under the curve (shown by the 0.9 in the shaded area above, as the are under the whole curve is equal to 1). The table of the Normal function shows areas to the left of points on the x-axis. This means that to work out the z score (the number of standard errors), you must calculate the total area to the left of the z, and look that up in the table to find the z score. This then allows you to calculate the confidence interval: The formula again to calculate confidence interval is here: The k value for 90% is 1.645, which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This in words means that you can be 90% confident that the mean weight of the population lies between 0.963g and 0.989g. 95% Confidence Interval. The k value for 95% is 1.960, which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This means that you can be 95% confident that the population mean is between 0.961g and 0.991g. This is a larger range than that of the 90% confidence interval, because to be more confident, the possible range must increase. 99% Confidence Interval. The k value for 99% is , which I will use in the formula to find the confidence interval. This means that you can be 99% confident that the population mean is between 0.956g and 0.996g. Validation. I must test my confidence intervals, and check if another sample will fit, and therefore show whether my investigation has been successful. For this quick test my group collected another ten results from two further packets of smarties. We used the same method for data collection as before. The Data we collected for the second (test) sample: Weight of smartie (g) 1.105 0.933 0.921 0.848 1.100 0.952 0.870 0.853 1.091 0.997 Mean. Looking back at my confidence intervals, this new sample mean actually fits in each of the confidence statements I made. Conclusion. After using the estimation techniques of the Central Limit Theorem I have estimated the following population parameters for the weights of smarties (three significant figures): Mean = 0.976g Variance = 0.00292 Standard Deviation = 0.0547g Using the Confidence Interval technique I have produced the following confidence: 90% = 0.963g ; m ;0.989g 95% = 0.961g ; m ; 0.991g 99% = 0.956g ; m ; 0.996g Also, my second sample data has proved my confidence intervals correctly, and the mean of 0.967g fit into the ranges that I calculated. I suppose there is no real conclusion, and I could not have set myself a hypothesis, as the investigation did not really call for one. The limiting factors meant I could not carry out a more detailed investigation, as for example if I based my sample on how many of each colour of smarty per tube, I would need a sample of about fifty tubes of smarties, which would have been impractical for me, as I would have had a time and a cost burden. Limitations. The size of the sample was small. The calculations that relied upon the data collected are therefore inaccurate to some extent, looking at how many smarties and packets of smarties there are in the world, a sample of fifty is completely dwarfed. To be more accurate a large sample must be collected. The sample might have been a fluke I might have got all the big smarties, or all the small ones. However there is not much to do to eliminate the possibility of this apart from to weigh every single smartie. This is extremely impractical. The smarties gathered were from my groups immediate area. Even though they were taken from different shops and different packets, they do not necessarily represent all the smarties in the world, only ones in my area. The results may be unreliable because the company that produces smarties may be changing, or have changed the mean weight setting for the smarties. They may be trying to slowly lower the weight while keeping the price the same. This could mean that the actual population parameters are somewhat different to the ones estimated here. But this may be unlikely. I found that the actual investigation may have been very limited from the start, by choosing the weight from random packets it meant I could not analyse the ratio of smarties per packet, or the mean weight per packet, as to collect a sample for those types of investigation I would need to have collected about fifty packets of smarties, which not only may have been expensive but would have been very tedious to measure each smarty from fifty packets, and would have been very impractical to carry out. Possible Extension. A statistical analysis of entire tubes of smarties could be carried out. The actual weight of the smarties could be compared to the price on the tube to determine whether the manufacturers are lying about how much smartie there is in their packets. Also similar investigations looking at how many smarties per packet, average weights of packets, etc. Weighing smarties of different colours could also be done to find if there are any differences between them. Or even counting how many smarties of different colours you get in different packets. But yet again an investigation like this would be harder to carry out, as you would need at least fifty packets of smarties to carry out a small scale investigation Also, a larger sample size could be taken to determine the mean and variance more accurately, a lot more accurately in fact. Lastly, I could have extended my confidence interval calculations; I could have included a 99% confidence of the mean varying only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.001g, which would have shown I would have needed a massive sample, possibly over 20,000 to get that much confidence in such a small interval.

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List

Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re wondering whether there are any colleges with late application deadlines, you’re in luck! Lots ofcolleges have application deadlines in February or later, and many more keep rolling admissions open until all their spots have been filled. Here, we give you a full list of colleges with late application deadlines. But before diving into this list, let’s consider an important question: what exactly isconsidered a normal deadline? When Are Most College Deadlines? As you’ll see in a moment, there’s a lot of variation when it comes tocollege deadlines. Early deadlines can be in November when you're just a couple of months intosenior year. By contrast, especially late deadlinescango right up until the start of a college semester! The majority of college deadlines will fall in November or January of your senior year. Most regular decision deadlines are in January, typically onJanuary 1 or January 15. You’ll apply right around the new year and usually get your admissions decision in March or April. Many schools also offer an early action and/or early decision deadlinefor students who are ready to apply earlier (and ready to hear back earlier, too). These deadlines tend to be November 1 or November 15,and students usually hear back by mid-December. While these typical deadlines are in November or January, most of the work starts longbefore. To apply, you need to be ready with letters of recommendation, essays, and your SAT/ACT scores, all of which take months to years of preparation. If you’re not ready with all these components, you might look for colleges with later application deadlines.But what are some other reasons you might be looking to apply later than January? Since Dumbledore stopped lending out his time-turner after the whole Prisoner of Azkaban debacle, your best option for buying extra time is with a late application deadline. Who WouldBenefit From Late Application Deadlines? If you’re reading this article, you might have a very specific reason you searched for "colleges with late application deadlines." Maybe you’d like another opportunity to take the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, or ACT to achieve your target scores. Or maybe you’re hoping to bring up your GPA with grades from the first semester of senior year. By applying later, you might be able to include part of senior year on your transcript. Another possible reason could be that you’re looking to add some more options to your college list. Maybe you’ve rethought your choices or received a rejection from an early decision school. By applying to some more schools, you might end up going somewhere you didn’t initially expect to. Regardless of whether you slacked off during the "normal" application season or just want to add another option to your plans, you’ll find that there are manycolleges accepting applications in February and later. Below is a list of schools with deadlines after February 1, followed by colleges that might also be a good option for you because they use rolling admissions. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. List of Colleges With Late Application Deadlines The following colleges offer late application deadlines in February, March, April, May, June, July, August, and even September! This full list of colleges with late application deadlines is organized by month; you can either scroll through it or look for a specific school by using the ctrl + F function on your keyboard. All data comes from the College Board's BigFuture. Note that some of these schools have earlier priority deadlines for things such as scholarships and financial aid. Colleges With February Deadlines College Application Deadline Abilene Christian University 2/15 Allegheny College 2/15 Assumption College 2/15 Baylor University 2/1 Birmingham-Southern College 2/1 Brigham Young University 2/1 Brigham Young University–Hawaii 2/15 Brigham Young University–Idaho 2/1 Bryant University 2/3 Butler University 2/1 Catholic University of America 2/15 Champlain College 2/1 Christopher Newport University 2/1 City University of New York: Baruch College 2/1 College of the Atlantic 2/15 College of Wooster 2/15 Colorado State University 2/1 Creighton University 2/15 DePaul University 2/1 DePauw University 2/1 Dickinson College 2/1 Drew University 2/15 Earlham College 2/15 Ecole Hoteliere de Lausanne 2/1 Emmanuel College (Massachusetts) 2/15 Endicott College 2/15 Gettysburg College 2/1 Gonzaga University 2/1 Grove City College 2/1 Guilford College 2/15 Hillsdale College 2/15 Hobart and William Smith Colleges 2/1 Hope International University 2/1 Howard University 2/15 Iona College 2/15 Ithaca College 2/1 Jewish Theological Seminary of America 2/15 Knox College 2/1 La Sierra University 2/1 Marist College 2/1 Maryland Institute College of Art 2/1 Massachusetts College of Art and Design 2/1 MCPHS University 2/1 Meredith College 2/15 Merrimack College 2/15 Miami University: Oxford 2/1 Morehouse College 2/15 Muhlenberg College 2/15 Nazareth College 2/15 North Carolina State University 2/1 Ohio State University: Columbus Campus 2/1 Old Dominion University 2/1 Pace University 2/15 Pace University: Pleasantville/Briarcliff 2/15 Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences 2/1 Queen's University 2/15 Quinnipiac University 2/1 Radford University 2/1 Randolph College 2/1 Rhode Island School of Design 2/1 Roger Williams University 2/1 Rollins College 2/15 Saint Anselm College 2/1 Saint Michael's College 2/1 Seattle Pacific University 2/1 Sewanee: The University of the South 2/1 Siena College 2/15 Simmons College 2/1 Spelman College 2/1 St. Lawrence University 2/1 St. Mary’s College of California 2/1 Stevens Institute of Technology 2/1 Suffolk University 2/1 SUNY University at Stony Brook 2/1 Susquehanna University 2/15 Texas AM University–Baylor College of Dentistry 2/1 Texas Christian University 2/15 Towson University 2/15 Transylvania University 2/1 Trinity University 2/1 United States Coast Guard Academy 2/1 United States Military Academy 2/28 Unity College 2/15 University of British Columbia 2/2 University of Cincinnati 2/1 University of Kentucky 2/15 University of Mary Washington 2/1 University of Maryland: Baltimore County 2/1 University of Massachusetts Lowell 2/1 University of Michigan 2/1 University of New England 2/15 University of New Hampshire 2/1 University of North Carolina at Asheville 2/15 University of North Carolina at Wilmington 2/1 University of Portland 2/1 University of Puerto Rico: Medical Sciences 2/15 University of Rhode Island 2/1 University of Wisconsin–Madison 2/1 Ursinus College 2/15 Virginia Military Institute 2/1 Wagner College 2/15 Washington College 2/15 Webb Institute 2/15 Wofford College 2/1 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2/1 Ready for March Madness? This next list features all the colleges with March application deadlines. Colleges With MarchDeadlines College Application Deadline Adrian College 3/15 Appalachian State University 3/15 Arcadia University 3/1 Boston Baptist College 3/15 California State University: Bakersfield 3/1 Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science 3/1 Coe College 3/1 Colorado School of Mines 3/1 Columbia College of Nursing 3/1 East Carolina University 3/15 Elmira College 3/15 Escuela de Artes Plasticas de Puerto Rico 3/26 Flagler College 3/1 Georgia State University 3/1 Great Lakes Christian College 3/1 Gutenberg College 3/1 Hampden-Sydney College 3/1 Hampton University 3/1 Hanover College 3/1 Illinois State University 3/1 John Cabot University 3/1 Juniata College 3/15 Lewis Clark College 3/1 Lycoming College 3/1 Maine Maritime Academy 3/1 Manhattanville College 3/1 Marygrove College 3/15 Monmouth University 3/1 Montclair State University 3/1 Moody Bible Institute 3/1 Moravian College 3/1 Mount St. Mary’s University 3/1 New Jersey Institute of Technology 3/1 Ramapo College of New Jersey 3/1 Randolph-Macon College 3/1 Rhode Island College 3/15 Roanoke College 3/15 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology 3/1 Rowan University 3/1 SUNY Downstate Medical Center 3/1 SUNY University at Albany 3/1 Temple University 3/1 United States Merchant Marine Academy 3/1 University of Dallas 3/1 University of Dayton 3/1 University of Hawaii at Manoa 3/1 University of Minnesota: Morris 3/15 University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3/1 University of North Carolina School of the Arts 3/15 University of Scranton 3/1 University of South Florida 3/1 University of Toronto 3/1 University of Waterloo 3/28 Vanguard University of Southern California 3/2 Washington Jefferson College 3/1 Wells College 3/1 Western Carolina University 3/1 Westfield State University 3/1 Whitworth University 3/1 Winston-Salem State University 3/15 As you move into the spring of senior year, there are still colleges that will accept your application for the fall semester. Colleges With AprilDeadlines College Application Deadline Bastyr University 4/15 Berea College 4/30 College of Charleston 4/1 East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania 4/1 Family of Faith College 4/1 Georgia College and State University 4/1 Gustavus Adolphus College 4/1 Johns Hopkins University: Peabody Conservatory of Music 4/1 Keene State College 4/1 Lakeview College of Nursing 4/1 Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 4/15 Mannes School of Music: The New School 4/1 Methodist College 4/15 Minneapolis College of Art and Design 4/1 Morgan State University 4/15 Mount Carmel College of Nursing 4/1 New College of Florida 4/15 New Jersey City University 4/1 North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 4/1 North Park University 4/1 Plymouth State University 4/1 Point Loma Nazarene University 4/1 Resurrection University 4/1 Salem State University 4/15 Simon Fraser University 4/30 Singapore Management University 4/1 Springfield College 4/1 St. Vincent College 4/1 SUNY College at New Paltz 4/1 Universidad Central del Caribe 4/1 University of Houston 4/1 University of Iowa 4/1 University of Kansas 4/1 University of Massachusetts Boston 4/1 University of New Hampshire at Manchester 4/1 University of Oklahoma 4/1 University of South Florida: Saint Petersburg 4/15 University of Utah 4/1 University of the Virgin Islands 4/30 April showers bring May application deadlines. Colleges With May Deadlines College Application Deadline Al Akhawayn University 5/31 American Jewish University 5/31 American University in Cairo 5/15 Aurora University 5/1 Austin College 5/1 Baptist College of Health Sciences 5/1 Bard College at Simon’s Rock 5/1 Bayamon Central University 5/6 Bridgewater College 5/1 California State Polytechnic University: Pomona 5/1 Canisius College 5/1 Capital University 5/1 Carroll College 5/1 City University of New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice 5/31 Clemson University 5/1 College of Saint Rose 5/1 Delaware Valley University 5/1 Eastern Washington University 5/15 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 5/15 Florida Atlantic University 5/1 Florida Gulf Coast University 5/1 Georgia Southern University 5/1 Grand Valley State University 5/1 Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary 5/1 Huston-Tillotson University 5/1 Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis 5/1 Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 5/2 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Aguadilla Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Bayamon Campus 5/1 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Fajardo Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Metropolitan Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: Ponce Campus 5/15 Inter American University of Puerto Rico: San German Campus 5/15 Johnson University: Florida 5/1 Kean University 5/31 Kennesaw State University 5/8 Life Pacific College 5/3 Marietta College 5/1 Massachusetts Maritime Academy 5/1 McNally Smith College of Music 5/1 Norfolk State University 5/31 Olivet Nazarene University 5/15 Philander Smith College 5/1 Regent University 5/1 Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 5/1 School of the Art Institute of Chicago 5/1 Southeastern University 5/1 Southern Illinois University Carbondale 5/1 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville 5/1 Southern Utah University 5/1 St. Edward's University 5/1 St. Mary’s University of Minnesota 5/1 Texas State University 5/1 Touro University Worldwide 5/15 Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila 5/8 University College of San Juan 5/1 University of Alberta 5/1 University of Arizona 5/1 University of Central Florida 5/1 University of Nebraska–Lincoln 5/1 University of Nevada: Reno 5/31 University of New Mexico 5/1 University of South Florida: Sarasota-Manatee 5/1 University of St. Thomas 5/1 Virginia State University 5/1 Westminster College (Pennsylvania) 5/1 Wilberforce University 5/1 Winthrop University 5/1 Worcester State University 5/1 Yonsei University 5/15 If you're interested in any of the schools on this next list, you could apply right around the time you graduate from high school. Colleges With June Deadlines College Deadline Art Academy of Cincinnati 6/30 Auburn University 6/1 Augusta University 6/1 Azusa Pacific University 6/1 Central Connecticut State University 6/1 Clark Atlanta University 6/1 Columbia University: School of General Studies 6/1 Columbus State University 6/30 Elizabeth City State University 6/30 Georgia Gwinnett College 6/1 Grace Bible College 6/1 Haskell Indian Nations University 6/1 Hendrix College 6/1 Jacksonville University 6/1 Johnson University 6/1 Keystone College 6/1 Lubbock Christian University 6/1 Medical University of South Carolina 6/30 Mercy College of Health Sciences 6/15 Metropolitan State University 6/15 North Central University 6/1 Oregon State University 6/1 Patrick Henry College 6/15 Prairie View AM University 6/1 Presbyterian College 6/30 Regis College 6/1 Roseman University of Health Sciences 6/1 Shiloh University 6/6 Southwestern Adventist University 6/1 St. Luke’s College 6/30 University of Alaska Anchorage 6/15 University of Houston–Clear Lake 6/1 University of Texas at San Antonio 6/1 University of the District of Columbia 6/14 University of the Sacred Heart 6/30 University of Washington Tacoma 6/1 University of West Florida 6/30 University of West Georgia 6/1 Valdosta State University 6/15 Virginia Union University 6/30 Visible Music College 6/30 Wesleyan College 6/1 William Paterson University of New Jersey 6/1 If you don't mind bringing your work to the beach, you could apply to any of the colleges below that havea July deadline. Colleges With July Deadlines College Deadline Adventist University of Health Sciences 7/1 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University 7/15 Alabama State University 7/31 Albany State University 7/1 Allen University 7/31 Anderson University 7/1 Berry College 7/25 Bethany Lutheran College 7/1 Black Hills State University 7/15 Bowling Green State University 7/15 California Institute of Integral Studies 7/22 Calvary Bible College and Theological Seminary 7/15 Central Michigan University 7/1 Cincinnati Christian University 7/1 College for Creative Studies 7/1 College of Idaho 7/15 Conception Seminary College 7/31 Concordia University (Oregon) 7/1 Coppin State University 7/15 Dallas Christian College 7/15 Dalton State College 7/1 Dillard University 7/1 Divine Word College 7/15 Dominican University 7/1 Dordt College 7/31 Duquesne University 7/1 Fayetteville State University 7/1 Fort Valley State University 7/15 Fresno Pacific University 7/31 Georgia Southwestern State University 7/21 Henderson State University 7/15 Heritage Christian University 7/1 High Point University 7/1 Iowa State University 7/1 Lane College 7/1 Lebanese American University 7/31 Louisiana Tech University 7/31 Machzikei Hadath Rabbinical College 7/1 Manhattan Christian College 7/1 Mercer University 7/1 Metropolitan State University of Denver 7/1 Middle Georgia State College 7/16 Millsaps College 7/1 Missouri State University 7/20 Missouri University of Science and Technology 7/1 Montana Bible College 7/15 Mount Angel Seminary 7/1 Mount Vernon Nazarene University 7/15 Northeastern Illinois University 7/1 Northwestern State University 7/6 Nova Southeastern University 7/28 O'More College of Design 7/31 Our Lady of the Lake College 7/1 Paine College 7/1 Piedmont College 7/1 Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico 7/15 Rabbinical Seminary of America 7/1 Saint Bonaventure University 7/1 Saint Martin's University 7/31 Samford University 7/1 Savannah State University 7/15 Shaw University 7/30 Silicon Valley University 7/1 South Carolina State University 7/31 Southeast Missouri State University 7/1 Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College 7/1 Spring Hill College 7/15 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary–Overbrook 7/15 St. Francis University 7/30 St. John Vianney College Seminary 7/15 SUNY College at Purchase 7/15 SUNY Farmingdale State College 7/1 Tarleton State University 7/21 Texas AM University–Corpus Christi 7/1 Texas AM University–Galveston 7/31 Texas Woman's University 7/15 Tuskegee University 7/15 University of Akron 7/1 University of Canterbury 7/1 University of Detroit Mercy 7/1 University of Greenwich 7/31 University of Hawaii at Hilo 7/1 University of Houston-Downtown 7/1 University of Maryland: Eastern Shore 7/15 University of Memphis 7/1 University of Nevada: Las Vegas 7/1 University of New Orleans 7/25 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 7/1 University of North Carolina at Pembroke 7/31 University of North Georgia 7/1 University of South Alabama 7/15 University of Texas at Dallas 7/1 University of Texas at El Paso 7/31 University of Wisconsin–Parkside 7/15 Watkins College of Art, Design Film 7/15 Winona State University 7/12 Xavier University of Louisiana 7/1 These next schools let you godownto the wire with August application deadlines. Colleges With August Deadlines College Deadline Alaska Pacific University 8/15 Alfred University 8/1 Allen College 8/1 American Baptist College 8/1 American University in Dubai 8/10 Angelo State University 8/23 Arizona Christian University 8/15 Arkansas State University 8/17 Auburn University at Montgomery 8/1 Augsburg College 8/1 Austin Peay State University 8/5 Ball State University 8/15 Baptist College of Florida 8/15 Bellarmine University 8/15 Belmont Abbey College 8/1 Belmont University 8/1 Beth Medrash Govoha 8/15 Bethel College (Indiana) 8/15 Bethel College (Kansas) 8/1 Bloomfield College 8/1 Bluefield College 8/31 Bluffton University 8/15 Bob Jones University 8/1 Boise Bible College 8/1 Bradley University 8/15 Brewton-Parker College 8/1 Burlington College 8/1 California State University: East Bay 8/31 California University of Pennsylvania 8/22 Calvin College 8/15 Carson-Newman University 8/1 Centenary College of Louisiana 8/1 Central Baptist College 8/15 Central College 8/15 Central Methodist University 8/1 Chatham University 8/1 Claflin University 8/1 Clarion University of Pennsylvania 8/1 Cleveland State University 8/15 Coastal Carolina University 8/1 Coker College 8/1 College of St. Elizabeth 8/15 Colorado State University: Pueblo 8/1 Columbia College 8/15 Columbia International University 8/1 Columbus College of Art and Design 8/22 Concordia University (Nebraska) 8/1 Concordia University St. Paul 8/1 Concordia University Texas 8/1 Concordia University Wisconsin 8/15 Corban University 8/1 Cornerstone University 8/15 Cornish College of the Arts 8/15 Cox College 8/1 Crossroads College 8/15 Culver-Stockton College 8/1 Dakota Wesleyan University 8/25 DeSales University 8/1 Drury University 8/1 East Texas Baptist University 8/15 Eastern Illinois University 8/15 Eastern Kentucky University 8/1 Ecclesia College 8/22 Edgewood College 8/14 Emmanuel College (Georgia) 8/1 Eureka College 8/1 Fairmont State University 8/15 Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary 8/1 Ferris State University 8/1 Florida College 8/1 Fontbonne University 8/1 Fort Lewis College 8/1 Francis Marion University 8/15 Georgetown College 8/1 Georgian Court University 8/1 Gordon College 8/1 Goshen College 8/1 Grace College 8/1 Grambling State University 8/15 Grand View University 8/15 Gwynedd Mercy University 8/20 Heidelberg University 8/1 Hellenic College/Holy Cross 8/1 Hilbert College 8/15 Hobe Sound Bible College 8/25 Holy Cross College 8/15 Holy Names University 8/15 Huntington University 8/1 Husson University 8/15 Indiana State University 8/15 Indiana University Kokomo 8/6 Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne 8/1 Institute of American Indian Arts 8/4 Jackson State University 8/1 Kansas City Art Institute 8/1 Kent State University 8/1 Koc University 8/1 Laguna College of Art and Design 8/1 Lake Erie College 8/1 Lamar University 8/1 Langston University 8/17 Laurel University 8/8 Limestone College 8/26 Louisiana College 8/15 Marian University 8/1 Martin Methodist College 8/1 Maryville University of Saint Louis 8/15 McMurry University 8/15 Mercy College of Ohio 8/1 MidAmerica Nazarene University 8/1 Midwestern State University 8/7 Milligan College 8/1 Milwaukee Institute of Art Design 8/1 Minnesota State University Moorhead 8/1 Mississippi Valley State University 8/17 Mount Marty College 8/30 Mount Mercy University 8/15 Mount Saint Mary College 8/15 Mount Saint Mary's University 8/1 Mount St. Joseph University 8/1 Murray State University 8/15 Muskingum University 8/1 Nebraska Christian College 8/1 Nevada State College 8/1 New Hope Christian College 8/1 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 8/1 New Saint Andrews College 8/1 Niagara University 8/1 North Carolina Central University 8/1 North Dakota State University 8/1 North Greenville University 8/26 Northern Illinois University 8/1 Northern Kentucky University 8/20 Northwest Nazarene University 8/15 Northwest University 8/1 Northwestern Polytechnic University 8/29 Northwood University: Texas 8/1 Ohio Northern University 8/15 Oklahoma Baptist University 8/1 Oklahoma City University 8/15 Pacific University 8/15 Park University 8/1 Pillar College 8/30 Point University 8/3 Prescott College 8/15 Purdue University Calumet 8/1 Queens University of Charlotte 8/1 Rabbinical College of Telshe 8/15 Regis University 8/1 Roberts Wesleyan College 8/15 Sacred Heart Major Seminary 8/15 Saint Cloud State University 8/1 Saint Peter's University 8/27 Sam Houston State University 8/1 Schreiner University 8/1 Seton Hill University 8/15 Siena Heights University 8/1 Southeastern Louisiana University 8/1 Southern Arkansas University 8/30 Southern Nazarene University 8/1 Southern Wesleyan University 8/1 Southwestern College 8/25 Spring Arbor University 8/1 St. Joseph's College New York: Suffolk Campus 8/15 St. Joseph's College, New York 8/15 St. Louis Christian College 8/7 Summit University 8/15 SUNY College of Agriculture and Technology at Morrisville 8/22 SUNY Polytechnic Institute 8/1 Tennessee State University 8/1 Tennessee Technological University 8/1 Tennessee Wesleyan College 8/15 Texas AM International University 8/1 Texas AM University–Commerce 8/15 Texas AM University–Kingsville 8/14 Texas Lutheran University 8/1 Texas Southern University 8/15 Texas Tech University 8/1 Thomas More College 8/1 Toccoa Falls College 8/1 Trevecca Nazarene University 8/1 Trine University 8/1 Trinity College of Florida 8/2 Truett-McConnell College 8/1 Union College (Kentucky) 8/15 Union College (Nebraska) 8/1 Union University 8/1 Universidad Metropolitana 8/15 Universidad Pentecostal Mizpa 8/24 University of Alabama in Huntsville 8/20 University of Alaska Southeast 8/1 University of Arkansas 8/1 University of Colorado Denver 8/19 University of Hawaii: West Oahu 8/1 University of Houston–Victoria 8/25 University of Idaho 8/1 University of Louisville 8/24 University of Maine at Machias 8/15 University of Michigan: Flint 8/20 University of Minnesota: Duluth 8/1 University of Missouri: St. Louis 8/24 University of Mobile 8/1 University of Montevallo 8/20 University of Nebraska–Omaha 8/1 University of North Texas 8/1 University of Northern Colorado 8/1 University of Northern Iowa 8/15 University of Northwestern–St. Paul 8/1 University of South Carolina: Aiken 8/1 University of South Carolina: Beaufort 8/1 University of Southern Indiana 8/15 University of St. Francis 8/1 University of Tennessee: Chattanooga 8/1 University of Tennessee: Martin 8/1 University of Texas at Brownsville 8/1 University of Texas at Tyler 8/20 University of Texas–Pan American 8/ University of the Cumberlands 8/15 University of Valley Forge 8/1 University of Virginia's College at Wise 8/15 University of Wisconsin–Superior 8/1 University of Wisconsin–Whitewater 8/1 University of Wyoming 8/10 Viterbo University 8/15 Walsh University 8/15 Washington Adventist University 8/1 Wayne State University 8/26 Webber International University 8/1 Webster University 8/1 Webster University: The Netherlands 8/1 West Virginia State University 8/10 West Virginia University 8/1 Western Kentucky University 8/1 Westminster College (Utah) 8/15 Westmont College 8/15 William Jessup University 8/26 William Jewell College 8/15 Wilmington College 8/1 York College 8/31 Youngstown State University 8/1 This final group of schools lets you enroll in September, right before you start taking classes. Colleges With September Deadlines Colleges Deadline Eastern Oregon University 9/1 Life University 9/1 If you’re looking to send off a later application, these colleges with late deadlines aren’t the only ones available. Schools with rolling admissions might also still have space for prospective students! Fun with rolling (admissions)! Colleges With Rolling Admissions Unlike the colleges listed above, schools with rolling admissions do not have a set application deadline. Instead, they open a window of time during which they'll accept applications, often from the fall to the spring. Although this policy gives you more flexibility, it’s definitely not a pass to procrastinate. Spaces at rolling admissions schools can fill up, and commonlyadmissions committees give the strongest considerationto students who file their applications early or submit by a priority deadline. A good rule of thumb to use when applying is, "The earlier, the better." Below are some popular schools that use rolling admissions, but they aren’t the only ones! If you’re interested in the full list of rolling admissions colleges, you can find it here. Arizona State Indiana University Bloomington Michigan State Pace Penn State Quinnipiac Texas AM University of Alabama University of Maine University of Minnesota University of New Haven University of Pittsburgh University of Tulsa So there you have it- the full list of schoolswith late application deadlines and a few popular ones with rolling admissions policies.Even if you missed some earlier deadlines, you still have a number of options for a fall college enrollment. Final Thoughts: Colleges With Late Application Deadlines Whether you are just starting your college planning or are a senior looking to shoot off some last-minute applications, make sure you know all of the college'sdeadlines and requirements. Even though these colleges have deadlines that are later than average, you still need to plan and prep your application months before, whether you’re asking for a letter of rec, studying for the SAT, or drafting and revising your personal essay. Furthermore, colleges with rolling admissions might have a priority deadline as early as November. If you’re really serious about a particular school, try toapply as early as possible. An added motivation is the knowledge that, in many cases, the sooner you apply, the sooner you’ll get an admissions decision! If any of the schools above interest you, you might be able to spread out your work and remove some of the pressure from the typical college application season in November and December. At the same time, don’t put off your applications for too long- deadlines have a habit of sneaking up on you before you know it! What’s Next? At this point, you have a good sense of application deadlines, whether they're early, regular, or later than average. Now it's time to think about when to plan and prepare all the major pieces of your college application. Our guide will help you schedule your time by detailing your complete college application timeline, from start to finish. For more information on all the steps it takes to apply to college, from choosing your high school classes to hitting "submit," check out this comprehensive guide.You'll learn not just what to prepare but also why each part is significant in the eyes of admissions officers. Are you dragging your feet about your application because you're not sure what to do next year? Perhaps taking a gap year to volunteer, work, or figure out your future educational plans is the best option for you! If you're interested, readour guide to taking a gap year! Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Course of Study for 6th Grade

Course of Study for 6th Grade Sixth grade is an eagerly-anticipated time of transition for most tweens. The middle school years can be both exciting and challenging. Sixth through 8th-grades often mean higher expectations and more responsibility for students academically. They can also be emotionally-challenging years as students reach adolescence. Language Arts A typical course of study in language arts for sixth grade includes components of reading, writing, grammar, spelling, and vocabulary. Students will read a variety of genres including fiction and non-fiction; biographies; poetry; and plays. They will also read more complex texts across the curriculum in subjects such as science and social studies.   Sixth-graders will learn to use techniques such as to cause and effect or compare and contrast  to analyze the plot, characters, and central theme of a  text. Writing shifts to more complex compositions regarding the content and length of time spent on assignments. Students may write long-term research papers or spend a week or more developing a more elaborate narrative. Writing assignments should also include expository and persuasive essays,  autobiographies, and letters. As more proficient writers, sixth-graders will learn to vary their sentence structure for more expressive writing and avoid using a passive voice.  They will use  tools such as a thesaurus to include more varied and descriptive vocabulary. Grammar also becomes more complex and should cover, identifying parts of speech such as direct and indirect objects; predicate adjective; and transitive and intransitive verbs. Students will begin to learn Greek and Latin roots to help them analyze and understand unfamiliar vocabulary.   Math Sixth-grade students have a solid grasp of foundational math skills and are ready to move on to more complex concepts and computations.   A typical course of study for 6th-grade math includes working with negative and rational numbers; ratios, proportion, and percent; reading, writing, and solving  equations with variables; and using the order of operations to solve problems. Students are introduced to statistical thinking using  mean, median, variability, and range. Geometry topics include finding the area, volume, and surface area of polygons such as triangles and quadrilaterals; and determining the diameter, radius, and  circumference of circles. Science In sixth grade, students continue to use the scientific method to increase their understanding of earth, physical, and life science topics.   Life science topics include the classification of living things; the human body; cell structure and function; sexual and asexual reproduction; genetics; microbes, algae, and fungi; and plant reproduction.   Physical science covers concepts such as sound, light, and heat; elements and compounds; electricity and its uses; electric and magnetic interaction; potential and kinetic energy; simple machines; inventions; and nuclear power. Earth science may cover topics such as climate and  weather; conservation;  space  and the universe; oceans, geology; and recycling. Social Studies The topics covered in social studies can vary widely in 6th grade, particularly with homeschooling families based on the curriculum they use and their homeschooling style. History topics may include ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Some students may be covering the Middle Ages or Renaissance.   Other common topics for sixth grade include the U.S. government and Constitution; the presidential election process; types of governments; the Industrial Revolution;  and the rise of the United States as a political power. Geography often covers a detailed study of various regions or cultures, including the history, foods, customs; and religion of the area.   Art There is no typical  course of study for art in middle school. Instead, the general guideline is to allow students to experiment with a variety of art forms to discover what interests them. Students may enjoy performance arts such as drama or playing a musical instrument. Others may prefer visual arts such as painting, drawing, or photography. Textile arts, such as sewing, weaving, or knitting, may appeal to some 6th graders.  Ã‚   The study of art can also include art history or the study of famous artists or composers and their work. Technology Technology plays a huge role in modern society. By middle school, most students will have already had a great deal of experience with technology. However, sixth grade is an excellent time to make sure that students are proficient in areas of technology that they will use throughout high school. Students should be competent in their keyboarding skills. They should be familiar with common applications such as those used to produce text documents and spreadsheets.   Students must also understand and follow safety guidelines when using the internet and know how to adhere to fair use rules and obey copyright laws.

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants Research Paper

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants - Research Paper Example Restaurant owners and managers should benchmark the famous example of Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald when he canceled the license of a franchise restraint when he saw a fly. Such was his commitment to cleanliness and food safety. All restaurants should make food safety and cleanliness an integral part of their mission statements, rules and regulations and should also incorporate them into their training programs. Benefits: A good training program protects the customers from any harmful effects and so in the process, it protects the business venture. Trained employees will not just ensure food safety and cleanliness but they will also be efficient and productive. Apart from protecting the customers a good training also safeguards the health and safety of employees. Employee training also ensures their motivation and loyalty because training makes them feel that they are involved in the bigger picture. A training program also makes employees more customers driven. The point that should be of emphasis is that training should not be considered a short term solution. It should be considered a policy of continuous improvement and an ongoing process. So the new standards and techniques should be taught all the time to employees. Organizations should keep in touch with national and local organizations and authorities that specialize in food and restaurant safety and training programs. Last but not least is the fact that a good training program is a great tool to reinforce in customers a feeling that the organization cares about them and the environment they provide to them. This, in fact, is crucial in building long term relationships with them.

The Coca-Cola Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Coca-Cola Company - Coursework Example As the research stresses the company enjoys more flexibility in terms of making decisions at the local levels. Decentralization for the company has also played a role in allowing the top management ample time to focus on long term planning. However, while the firm has decentralized most of its operations, there are certain divisions that are still centralized due to their importance. These divisions include, for instance, the human resource, finance, innovation and strategy division. On the other hand, the market for non-alcoholic beverages continues to grow, and Coca-Cola can use its economies of scale to expand its market base. From the report it is clear the company needs to exploit include, for instance, India and China where there is a high demand for soft drinks due to hot climate conditions. In addition, there is also a growing market for still drinks as more customers are focusing health and wellness. Conversely, in order to remain competitive, the company needs to embrace innovation. Through innovation, the company will be in a position to develop a business strategy that is unique to the competition. The Coca-Cola is a multinational company that specializes in the manufacture of soft drinks. A pharmacist known as Stith Pemberton invented the firm’s main product, Coca-Cola in 1886. However, both the formula and Coca-Cola brand was later sold to Asa Candler in 1889, leading to the establishment of The Coca-Cola Company.

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish Tilapia is generic name of an African cichlids endemic group. This group is composed of three aquaculture important kind of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia. Various characteristics differentiate these three genera, but the main critical concerns to reproductive conduct. All species of tilapia are nesting in builders; a brood parent guards the fertilized eggs in the nest. Both species of Sarotherodon and Oreochromis are mouthing incubators; eggs gets fertilized in the nest but the parents instantly pick up those eggs in mouths and keep them through brooding and for many days after hatching. Brooding in mouth is found only in Oreochromis species, while in case of Sarotherodon either male or both female and male are holding brooders (SRAC, 2005). During the last half of 20th century fish farmers all over the tropical and semi-tropical world have commenced farming tilapia (FAO, 2000). Today, commercial production of important tilapia goes to genus Oreochromis beyond Africa, and more than 90 percent of the farmed tilapia are Nile tilapia outside of Africa. (Balarin and Haller, 1982) reported that Nile tilapia is the most popular tilapia species for aquaculture and is widely distributed in many countries other than native Africa. Adaptability: Oreochromis niloticus is a quickly growing species which can live in various types of waters. It is extremely adaptable and can use a wide range of various food sources (along with plants), but feeds mainly on phytoplankton along with benthic algae. Even though Nile tilapia is assumed as a freshwater species it has shown a great margin towards salt and can survive in briny situations (Beveridge et. al., 2000). Stickney et al., (1979) reported that Nile tilapia can tolerate to a wide range of environmental conditions, fast growth rate, efficient to convert organic matter into high quality protein and have a favorable taste. Feeding Habits: Tilapia has broad variety food organisms that are natural, along with plankton, some aquatic benthic invertibrates, macrophyte, plank tonic and benthic larval fish, breaking up organic matter, and detritus. With heavy auxiliary feeding, natural food beings typically account for 30 to 50 percent of growth of tilapia. Tilapia is often referred as filter feeders as they can efficiently reap water plankton. The gills of tilapia release a mucous which traps plankton. Then mucous rich with plankton or bolus, is swallowed (EL-Sayed A.F.M., 2006). Tilapia is an omnivore; means feeds on both plants and animals food sources. However, feeding behavior depends with size and age. Larvae usually feed on phytoplankton (algae), fingerlings feed on zooplankton (artemia, moina, and rotifer), and while adults consume both plants and animal food sources near the surface because are floating feeders. In this regard, Caulton 1976; Saha and Dewan 1979; Brummett 1995; Turker et al. 2003 bumped that little tilapia filtered substantially more phytoplankton regarding than larger ones. In addition, Azim et al. (2003) looked into consequence of periphyton quantity and size of fish (7 and 24 g) on ingestion rate by Nile tilapia, and they observed that ingestion rate between small fish significantly increased with density of periphyton, but not for fish with medium size. Protein Requirements: Including Tilapia Proteins are important nutrients for all living organisms for their structure and function. Continual use of protein is being used for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Therefore, continuous supply of proteins or their component amino acids are necessary. Many studies indicated that fish does not have true protein necessity, but instead needs a well equilibrized mixture of dispensable and indispensable amino acids. Insufficient intake of protein will result in retardation of growth due to withdraw of protein from fewer vital tissues to maintain the function of critical parts. Too much supply of protein, however, only part will be used to synthesize new tissues and remainder will be converted to energy (NRC, 1983). Many findings have been carried out about the optimum dietary protein level for tilapia. This level for tilapia appears to be influenced by size or age of the fish and ranges from 28% to 50%. For fry dietary protein levels ranging from 36 to 50% have been shown to produce best level growth (Davis and Stickney, 1978; Santiago and Laron, 1991; El-Sayed and Teshima, 1992). That for juvenile 29 to 40% has been determined to produce optimum growth (Cruz and Laudencia, 1977; Teshima et al., 1978); for young adult fish up to 40g 27.5 to 35% appears to be maximum (Jauncey and Ross, 1982; Siddiqui et al., 1988; Wee and Tuan, 1988; Twibell and Brown, 1998). Practical diets for grow out of tilapia usually contain 25 to 35% crude protein. In ponds, however, fish may have access to natural food that is rich in protein, thus dietary protein levels as low as 20 to 25% have been estimated to be adequate (Newman et al., 1979; Lovell, 1980; Wannigama et al., 1985). Proteins are made up of amino acids. Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are the amino acids have been shown to be necessity for fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). The main problem is that quantity for each type required differs from species, and excessive quantity might be damaging a fishs health (Moyle and Cech 1982). Scoliosis (curvature of the spine) can result due to lack of amino acids in fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). Proteins are vital in the fish growth. Research has shown that due to certain proteins lack, growth will be scrawny. In the nature, omnivorous fish generally feed on ample alive organisms, protein enriched, that provide a valuable energy source (Moyle and Cech 1982). However, many commercial foods lack ample protein as it is expensive. Fish use large amount of energy to crush large and complex proteins. Due to this, carbohydrates and lipids are replaced as energy sources (Moyle and Cech 1982). Lipid requirement: On other hand, lipids are found in tissues of both animal and plant and are digestible completely (Moyle and Cech 1982). Symbiotic bacteria are present in guts of many herbivorous fish that helps to digest the carbohydrates and liberate its energy to fish. Lipids supply higher energy than do carbohydrates, and also render fatty acids, that are used for the energy construction reserves in fish. Predaceous fish normally have a maximum growth rate due to their diet of live fish, which are naturally high in lipids (Moyle and Cech 1982). Dietary lipids are the main source of essential fatty acids needed by fish for normal growth and development. They are vital carriers and assist in absorption of vitamins with fat-soluble. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are important for cellular structure and maintenance of membrane flexibility and permeability. Lipids serves as precursors of steroid hormones and prostaglandins, improve the flavor of diets and affect the diet texture and fatty acids composition of fish (Webster I. et al., 2002). Takeuchi et al. (1983) reported that essential fatty acid requirement of Nile tilapia was found to be 0.5% linoleic acid (18:2à Ã… ½6). Complete diets and Feeding Levels: Complete diets are important in semi intensive culture systems of Nile tilapia, for a provision of all essential nutrients to the fish. In order to develop such diets it is also necessary to know the specific nutrient requirements of the animal and optimize feed formulation in order to obtain fast growth of high quality fish at low costs, (Moore, 1985). Nutrient requirement of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia: Many studies have been done to find out the suitable optimum nutrient level for tilapia. Fineman and Camacho (1991) observed that 30% protein with 3500 kcal was better than 30% protein with 3000 kcal for supplementary feed for Oreochromis niloticus in brackish water ponds. Watanabe et al. (1990) found that final mean weight were high in 28% protein to 32% protein under all densities. Hanley (1990) found that increasing dietary lipid has no significant effect on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein gain. De Silva and Perera (1985) and Siddiqui et al.(1988) cited by Zonnveld and Fadholi (1991) found that optimum protein levels for fry and young Nile tilapia reared at maximum growth should be 28-30% respectively. Water Quality Requirements: Nile tilapia would grow well in water with a temperature range of 20-35 °c and optimum between 28 ° and 30 °C and productivity can be assumed at a maximum within this temperature range (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Tilapia cannot survive at a temperature below 10 °c for more than few days. When it exposed to cold water, disease resistance is impaired and death may result in only few days (Lovell, 1989) The tolerance level of DO for Nile tilapia is as lower as 0.1 mg/L (Magid and Babiker, 1975). Chevrvinski (1982) reported that O. niloticus could survive by using atmospheric oxygen when dawn DO concentration drops to less than 1 mg/L. Colt (1987) demonstrated that Nile tilapia growth reduces as DO level reaches below 5mg/L.. However, its survival depends on the duration of low dissolved oxygen in the culture system. In tanks, fish survive at the oxygen level of 1.2 mg/L by gulping oxygen from the atmosphere for up to 36 hours if other water quality parameters remain at an optimum level (Balarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia has a lethal pH limit at approximately 4 and 11 respectively and pH between 6.5 and 9 is the desirable range for fish culture (Swingle, 1969) Nile tilapia is more tolerant of high ammonia level than any other species of fish. The lethal ammonia level for tilapia is 2.3 mg NH3-N/L., but it was reported that by prolong exposure, it can tolerate levels of up to 3.4 mg/L (Stickney, 1985). A level of unionized ammonia above 0.5 mg/L frequency results in mortality when fish are further stressed by low oxygen, handling (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia is not directly affected by alkalinity and tolerance level as high as 700 to 3,000 mg/L CaCo3 (Morgan, 1972). A total alkalinity range of 20 400mg/L is considered satisfactory for most aquaculture purpose (Tucker and Robinson, 1990 cited by Lawson, 1995). Phosphorous requirement The dietary requirement for phosphorus in tilapia varies from 0.9% (Watanabe et al., 1980), 0.45-0.6% (Viola and Arieli, 1983), 0.3-0.5% (Robinson et al 1984, Robinson et al., 1987) to 0.46% (Haylor et al., 1988) depending on species, fish size, food composition or expression of a reported requirement, available or final dietetic phosphorus. The diet containing the complete mineral premix contained 0.9% total phosphorus, whereas the unbalanced calcium and phosphorus diet contained 0.5% overall phosphorus. Although fish could partly absorb phosphorus from its environment (Lall, 1979, Lall, 1989, Lall, 19911, dissolved phosphorus is usually at very low levels of about 0.005-0.05 Mg/L, which is inadequate to meet their requirement (Nose and Arai, 1979 cited in Lall, 1991). Hepher (1954) (as cited in Hepher and Sandbank, 1984) noted that even in fish ponds fertilized with phosphates, the level of phosphorus does not increase much above its normal low level due to absorption to soil colloid and precipitation as insoluble compounds. Phosphorus is a component of phosphoproteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids, which play important roles in energy metabolism. Addition of dietary phosphorus has been reported to decrease the lipid content of muscle and viscera, whereas muscle protein content increased (Murakami, 1970 cited in Lall, 1979; Takeuchi and Nakazoe, 1981 cited in Viola et al., 1986; Shu, 1987; Hung, 1989; Wee and Shu, 1989). Calcium requirement The requirement for calcium in tilapia reared in calcium-free water was found to be 0.65% for 0. areus (Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987). In the calcium and phosphorus uncomplemented diet, the calcium level was about 1%. At this level, even without supplementation, it appears that the calcium level in the soybean-based diet would be sufficient to meet the requirement. The availability of dietary calcium to fish has not been studied. Furthermore, under normal conditions, one cannot demonstrate a calcium requirement in fish (Cowey and Sargent, 1979; Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987; Yarzhombed and Bekina, 1987) because of calcium uptake from the water (Dabrowska et al., 1989; Luquet, 1991). In Nile tilapia, calcium uptake takes place in the skin, particularly by the opercular membrane (McCormick et al., 1992). In contrast to phosphorus, it seemed, therefore, that the calcium requirement could be met from the rearing water. Activities such as liming of ponds are likely sources of calcium. The similarity of calcium levels in the final carcass of fish fed the calcium supplemented, calcium non-supplemented diets and the non-fed fish further support the likeliness of calcium uptake. The calcium is a must in the fish diet for balancing the calcium and phosphorus ratio. Maintaining an optimum Calcium and Phosphorus ratio is important in diets for red sea bream, eels, and brook trout but not for catfish, carp, and rainbow trout (NRC, 1973, NRC, 1983; Ogino and Takeda, 1976; Viola et al., 1986; Hepher, 1988; Lall, 1991). In tilapia, the role of the Ca: P ratio is not well defined and merits further study (Robinson et al. 1987). However, noted that in freshwater fish, dietary Ca: P ratio does not generally impair growth or tissue concentration as long as dietetic phosphorus is adequate and calcium is present in the rearing water. Feeding standards of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia This is a set of tables, which include the quantity of each dietary component required for each age and species of fish for different levels of production and maintenance. When complemented by tables of feeds composition, then it is possible to formulate accurate rations for individual or fish groups, an essential process for a least-cost ration feeding program operation. Marek (1975) composed a feeding chart of common carp and tilapia. The chart was having estimation of natural food in the pond and subtracted from the calculated feed requirements for maintenance and expected growth. The charts are based on the weight of fish, and changes are adjusted according to the daily growth of fish. In most cases, therefore ration is fixed for a longer period of time (Hepher, 1982). Feeding rate of Nile tilapia Underfeeding of fish can result in production loss. Overfeeding will cause a costly feed wastage and a potential cause of water pollution in addition, a condition ensuing loss of animals or needing expensive corrective measures. Hence, both overfeeding as well as under-feeding has serious economic effects that affect the farm viability. Bard et al (1976) stated that most of the supplemented feed is not fully eaten by fish; some drop to the bottom of the water contributes to development of phytoplankton, hence promoting growth of fish both direct and indirect way. Sometimes a vague instruction might be read, like feed 5% of biomass per day as a dry feed. This might be applied during whole growing cycle. This would most likely result in near famishment in the early stages and gross excessive feeding and later water quality problems. Feeding rates must not be steady throughout the whole of the growth cycle till table size. They must be changed according to the fish age and its size to conditions of water. Brown et al (1979) demonstrated that it is uneconomical to balance diets fed to fish in ponds according to the absolute nutrient requirement of the fish. Stocking density and size Feeding level of fish in the semi intensifier system increases with the increase of density of fish. As t density of fish in the semi intensive culture increases per unit area, the food requirement of fish also increases. This increase of biomass does not relate with the increase of raw food and in many cases is associated with a decrease in the production of food from nature due to limited supply to the overgrowing biomass stated (1979) that when the biomass of fish increased, each fish gets a smaller amount of natural food, which may not meet its nutrition requirement. This deficit can be covered by supplementary feed. Natural Food in a semi intensive culture Algae or phytoplankton is an microscopic weeds form the base of the fish food chain. Adequate temperature, sunlight, and nutrients are basic for all green plants needed for growth. In presence of the sufficient light and proper temperature, chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) nutrients are readily assimilated by phytoplankton and increasing their abundance. Manure comprises the same nutrients, is released and present to phytoplankton during and after decomposition. As phytoplankton absorbs fertilizer nutrients and reproduces to create dense communities pond water changes to brownish or greenish color. This is known as phytoplankton bloom. There are three basic feeding pathways by which input of fertilizer in the pond provides nutrition for fish: Direct consumption of organic matter by fish Autotrophic productivity of algae pursuant to fertilization and their consumption by filter feeding fish. Heterotrophic productivity of micro organisms and benthic micro organisms from manure inputs and their successive consumption by fish. These three basic feeding pathways can operate in a single aquaculture system, even though their relative importance still a subject of intense debate Colman and Edwards, (1987). In Israel experimental work reported that the heterotrophic pathway of organic manure was found to be more efficient than an autotrophic pathway, Schroeder (1980). It was stated that low fish production by an autotrophic food chain was due to the sunlight limitations of phytoplankton with filter feeding fish mainly depend on heterotrophic organisms that are not light dependent. Therefore, the autotrophic food chain is required to provide the necessary DO which limit to the heterotrophic feed chain Colman and Edwards, (1987). The fertilized ponds with nutrients stimulate the microscopic plants growth in the water (phytoplankton). Phytoplankton is food for other water creatures (zooplankton and larger animals) that fish eat. Water becomes turbid or greenish color (called a bloom) Martin et al (1999) because of abundant growth of microscopic plants. Evaluation of the nutritional value of natural food is a difficult because each fish species has its own nutrition requirement from its diet Determination of biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in the fish pond must be related to the food requirement of fishes. Until now, there is not a reliable method developed for determination of secondary production, although primary production can be estimated. Spataru et al (1979) reported that supplementary feed can replace some of the natural food. Aquino and Neilso (1982) supported that Oreochromis niloticus grow well in cages on food. The primary producers which are sourcing of food to different type of fish are not digested equally by fish. Blue green algae Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillator was reported to be indigestible because they have copious moulage, cellulose wall, or firm periblast, (Zhang, 1989). Recent research work in China indicated that Tilapia can digest green-algae (Zhang, 1989). Mellamena, (1990) reported that algae contain protein, fat, Carbohydrates varies 22% to 48%, 2% to 16%, and 14% to 24% respectively. Zooplankton has more protein and fat content than any other phytoplankton except one gabber. Diatoms which have the more silicious cell wall contain higher quantities of inorganic matter. Tamiya, (1975) found that the average protein content of algae is about 50% on a dry matter basis. The biological value of algae is about 81.5% meaning that 124gram of algal protein corresponds to 100 grams of egg protein. The amino acid composition of algae is similar to that of FAO reference protein except, there is a slight deficiency in cystine and methionine. Lipids found in phytoplankton are typical ester of glycerol and fatty acids having a carbon number from C14 to C20. The major acids in diatoms are palmitic (16:0), hexadecanoic (16:1), Becker (1989). Blue green algae have a larger amount of polyunsaturated fats (25% to 68%) oftotaltriglyceride up to 80% of the totalalgae lipids. Lipid content of Cyanobacteria and green algaein outdoor mass culture is 7% to 15% lipids (Becker, 1989). (Nostocsp., Calothrex sp., Oscallaria and Spirulina sp., Urenima sp.) and 20% to 25% lipids in green algae (Scenedesmus),to 10% in dry weight. All plankton feeders fish reported to digest diatoms such as Silver carp and tilapia (Power, 1960, 1966). Tilapia zillii in Israel revealed that it had a capacity to disintegrate after gelatinous matrix colonies of blue green algae, especially Microcystis (Spataru, 1978).